Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China
中华人民共和国民法典
(Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020)
（2020年5月28日第十三届全国人民代表大会第三次会议通过）
Book One General Part Chapter I General Provisions
第一编 总则
Chapter I General Provisions
第一章 基本规定
Article 1 This Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution of the People’s Republic of China for the purposes of protecting the lawful rights and interests of the persons of the civil law, regulating civil-law relations, maintaining social and economic order, meet the needs for developing socialism with Chinese characteristics, and carrying forward the core socialist values.
第一条 为了保护民事主体的合法权益，调整民事关系，维护社会和经济秩序，适应中国特色社会主义发展要求，弘扬社会主义核心价值观，根据宪法，制定本法。
Article 2 The civil law regulates personal and proprietary relationships among the persons of the civil law, namely, natural persons, legal persons, and unincorporated organizations that are equal in status.
第二条 民法调整平等主体的自然人、法人和非法人组织之间的人身关系和财产关系。
Article 3 The personal rights, proprietary rights, and other lawful rights and interests of the persons of the civil law are protected by law and free from infringement by any organization or individual.
第三条 民事主体的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益受法律保护，任何组织或者个人不得侵犯。
Article 4 All persons of the civil law are equal in legal status when conducting civil activities.
第四条 民事主体在民事活动中的法律地位一律平等。
Article 5 When conducting a civil activity, a person of the civil law shall, in compliance with the principle of voluntariness, create, alter, or terminate a civil juristic relationship according to his own will.
第五条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当遵循自愿原则，按照自己的意思设立、变更、终止民事法律关系。
Article 6 When conducting a civil activity, a person of the civil law shall, in compliance with the principle of fairness, reasonably clarify the rights and obligations of each party.
第六条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当遵循公平原则，合理确定各方的权利和义务。
Article 7 When conducting a civil activity, a person of the civil law shall, in compliance with the principle of good faith, uphold honesty and honor commitments.
第七条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当遵循诚信原则，秉持诚实，恪守承诺。
Article 8 When conducting a civil activity, no person of the civil law shall violate the law, or offend public order or good morals.
第八条 民事主体从事民事活动，不得违反法律，不得违背公序良俗。
Article 9 When conducting a civil activity, a person of the civil law shall act in a manner that facilitates conservation of resources and protection of the ecological environment.
第九条 民事主体从事民事活动，应当有利于节约资源、保护生态环境。
Article 10 Civil disputes shall be resolved in accordance with law. Where the law does not specify, custom may be applied, provided that public order and good morals may not be offended.
第十条 处理民事纠纷，应当依照法律；法律没有规定的，可以适用习惯，但是不得违背公序良俗。
Article 11 Where there are other laws providing special provisions regulating civil-law relations, such provisions shall be followed.
第十一条 其他法律对民事关系有特别规定的，依照其规定。
Article 12 The laws of the People’s Republic of China shall apply to the civil activities taking place within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, except as otherwise provided by law.
第十二条 中华人民共和国领域内的民事活动，适用中华人民共和国法律。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Chapter II Natural Persons
第二章 自然人
Section 1 Capacity for Enjoying Civil-law Rights and Capacity for Performing Civil Juristic Acts
第一节 民事权利能力和民事行为能力
Article 13 A natural person shall, from the time of birth until the time of death, have the capacity for enjoying civil-law rights, and may enjoy civil-law rights and assume civil-law duties in accordance with law.
第十三条 自然人从出生时起到死亡时止，具有民事权利能力，依法享有民事权利，承担民事义务。
Article 14 All natural persons are equal in their capacity for enjoying civil-law rights.
第十四条 自然人的民事权利能力一律平等。
Article 15 The time of birth and time of death of a natural person are determined by the time recorded on his birth or death certificate as applied, or, if there is no birth or death certificate, by the time recorded in the natural person’s household registration or other valid identity certificate. If there is sufficient evidence overturning the time recorded in the aforementioned documents, the time that is established by such evidence shall prevail.
第十五条 自然人的出生时间和死亡时间，以出生证明、死亡证明记载的时间为准；没有出生证明、死亡证明的，以户籍登记或者其他有效身份登记记载的时间为准。有其他证据足以推翻以上记载时间的，以该证据证明的时间为准。
Article 16 A fetus is deemed as having the capacity for enjoying civil-law rights in estate succession, acceptance of gift, and other situations where protection of a fetus’ interests is involved. However, a stillborn fetus does not have such capacity ab initio.
第十六条 涉及遗产继承、接受赠与等胎儿利益保护的，胎儿视为具有民事权利能力。但是，胎儿娩出时为死体的，其民事权利能力自始不存在。
Article 17 A natural person aged 18 or above is an adult. A natural person under the age of 18 is a minor.
第十七条 十八周岁以上的自然人为成年人。不满十八周岁的自然人为未成年人。
Article 18 An adult has full capacity for performing civil juristic acts and may independently perform civil juristic acts.
第十八条 成年人为完全民事行为能力人，可以独立实施民事法律行为。
A minor aged 16 or above whose main source of support is the income from his own labor is deemed as a person with full capacity for performing civil juristic acts.
十六周岁以上的未成年人，以自己的劳动收入为主要生活来源的，视为完全民事行为能力人。
Article 19 A minor aged 8 or above has limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, and may perform a civil juristic act through or upon consent or ratification of his legal representative, provided that such a minor may independently perform a civil juristic act that is purely beneficial to him or that is appropriate to his age and intelligence.
第十九条 八周岁以上的未成年人为限制民事行为能力人，实施民事法律行为由其法定代理人代理或者经其法定代理人同意、追认；但是，可以独立实施纯获利益的民事法律行为或者与其年龄、智力相适应的民事法律行为。
Article 20 A minor under the age of 8 has no capacity for performing civil juristic acts, and may perform a civil juristic act only through his legal representative.
第二十条 不满八周岁的未成年人为无民事行为能力人，由其法定代理人代理实施民事法律行为。
Article 21 An adult unable to comprehend his own conduct has no capacity for performing civil juristic acts, and may perform a civil juristic act only through his legal representative.
第二十一条 不能辨认自己行为的成年人为无民事行为能力人，由其法定代理人代理实施民事法律行为。
The preceding paragraph is applicable to a minor aged 8 or above who is unable to comprehend his own conduct.
八周岁以上的未成年人不能辨认自己行为的，适用前款规定。
Article 22 An adult unable to fully comprehend his own conduct has limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, and may perform a civil juristic act through or upon consent or ratification of his legal representative, provided that such an adult may independently perform a civil juristic act that is purely beneficial to him or that is appropriate to his intelligence and mental status.
第二十二条 不能完全辨认自己行为的成年人为限制民事行为能力人，实施民事法律行为由其法定代理人代理或者经其法定代理人同意、追认；但是，可以独立实施纯获利益的民事法律行为或者与其智力、精神健康状况相适应的民事法律行为。
Article 23 The guardian of a person who has no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts is the legal representative of the person.
第二十三条 无民事行为能力人、限制民事行为能力人的监护人是其法定代理人。
Article 24 Where an adult is unable to comprehend or fully comprehend his conduct, any interested person of such an adult or a relevant organization may request the people’s court to declare that the said adult be identified as a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts.
第二十四条 不能辨认或者不能完全辨认自己行为的成年人，其利害关系人或者有关组织，可以向人民法院申请认定该成年人为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人。
Where a person has been identified by a people’s court as a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, the people’s court may, upon request of the person, an interested person thereof, or a relevant organization, and based on the recovery of his intelligence and mental health, declare that the said person becomes a person with limited or full capacity for performing civil juristic acts.
被人民法院认定为无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人的，经本人、利害关系人或者有关组织申请，人民法院可以根据其智力、精神健康恢复的状况，认定该成年人恢复为限制民事行为能力人或者完全民事行为能力人。
A relevant organization referred to in this Article includes a residents’ committee, a villagers’ committee, a school, a medical institution, the women’s federation, the disabled person’s federation, a legally established organization for senior people, the civil affairs department, and the like.
本条规定的有关组织包括：居民委员会、村民委员会、学校、医疗机构、妇女联合会、残疾人联合会、依法设立的老年人组织、民政部门等。
Article 25 The domicile of a natural person is the residence recorded in the household or other valid identification registration system; if a natural person’s habitual residence is different from his domicile, the habitual residence is deemed as his domicile.
第二十五条 自然人以户籍登记或者其他有效身份登记记载的居所为住所；经常居所与住所不一致的，经常居所视为住所。
Section 2 Guardianship
第二节 监护
Article 26 Parents have the duty to raise, educate, and protect their minor children. Adult children have the duty to support, assist, and protect their parents.
第二十六条 父母对未成年子女负有抚养、教育和保护的义务。
Adult children have the duty to support, assist, and protect their parents.
成年子女对父母负有赡养、扶助和保护的义务。
Article 27 The parents of a minor are his guardians.
第二十七条 父母是未成年子女的监护人。
Where the parents of a minor are deceased or incompetent to be his guardians, the following persons, if competent, shall act as his guardians in the following order:
未成年人的父母已经死亡或者没有监护能力的，由下列有监护能力的人按顺序担任监护人：
(1) his paternal grandparents and maternal grandparents;
（一）祖父母、外祖父母；
(2) his elder brothers and sisters; or
（二）兄、姐；
(3) any other individual or organization that is willing to act as his guardian, provided that consent must be obtained from the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, or the civil affairs department in the place where the minor’s domicile is located.
（三）其他愿意担任监护人的个人或者组织，但是须经未成年人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门同意。
Article 28 For an adult who has no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts, the following persons, if competent, shall act as his guardians in the following order:
第二十八条 无民事行为能力或者限制民事行为能力的成年人，由下列有监护能力的人按顺序担任监护人：
(1) his spouse;
（一）配偶；
(2) his parents and his children;
（二）父母、子女；
(3) any other close relatives of him; or
（三）其他近亲属；
(4) any other individual or organization that is willing to act as his guardian, provided that consent must be obtained from the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, or the civil affairs department in the place where the adult’s domicile is located.
（四）其他愿意担任监护人的个人或者组织，但是须经被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门同意。
Article 29 A parent who is the guardian of his child may, in his will, designate a succeeding guardian for his child.
第二十九条 被监护人的父母担任监护人的，可以通过遗嘱指定监护人。
Article 30 A guardian may be determined through agreement among the persons who are legally qualified to be guardians. The true will of the ward shall be respected in determining the guardian through agreement.
第三十条 依法具有监护资格的人之间可以协议确定监护人。协议确定监护人应当尊重被监护人的真实意愿。
Article 31 Where a dispute arises over the determination of a guardian, the guardian shall be appointed by the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, or the civil affairs department in the place where the ward’s domicile is located, and a party not satisfied with such an appointment may request the people’s court to appoint a guardian; the relevant parties may also directly request the people’s court to make such an appointment.
第三十一条 对监护人的确定有争议的，由被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门指定监护人，有关当事人对指定不服的，可以向人民法院申请指定监护人；有关当事人也可以直接向人民法院申请指定监护人。
When appointing a guardian, the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, the civil affairs department, or the people’s court shall respect the true will of the ward and appoint a guardian in the best interest of the ward from among the legally qualified persons.
居民委员会、村民委员会、民政部门或者人民法院应当尊重被监护人的真实意愿，按照最有利于被监护人的原则在依法具有监护资格的人中指定监护人。
Where the personal, proprietary, and other lawful rights and interests of a ward are not under any protection before a guardian is appointed in accordance with the first paragraph of this Article, the residents’ committee, the villager’s committee, a relevant organization designated by law, or the civil affairs department in the place where the ward’s domicile is located shall act as a temporary guardian.
依据本条第一款规定指定监护人前，被监护人的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益处于无人保护状态的，由被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会、法律规定的有关组织或者民政部门担任临时监护人。
Once appointed, a guardian shall not be replaced without authorization; where a guardian has been replaced without authorization, the responsibility of the originally appointed guardian is not discharged.
监护人被指定后，不得擅自变更；擅自变更的，不免除被指定的监护人的责任。
Article 32 Where there is no person legally qualified as a guardian, the civil affairs department shall act as the guardian, and the residents’ committee or villagers’ committee in the place where the ward’s domicile is located may also act as the guardian if they are competent in performing the duties of guardian.
第三十二条 没有依法具有监护资格的人的，监护人由民政部门担任，也可以由具备履行监护职责条件的被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会担任。
Article 33 An adult with full capacity for performing civil juristic acts may, in anticipation of incapacity in the future, consult his close relatives, or other individuals or organizations willing to be his guardian, and appoint in writing a guardian for himself, who shall perform the duties of guardian when the adult loses all or part of the capacity for performing civil juristic acts.
第三十三条 具有完全民事行为能力的成年人，可以与其近亲属、其他愿意担任监护人的个人或者组织事先协商，以书面形式确定自己的监护人，在自己丧失或者部分丧失民事行为能力时，由该监护人履行监护职责。
Article 34 The duties of a guardian are to represent the ward to perform civil juristic acts and to protect the personal, proprietary, and other lawful rights and interests of the ward.
第三十四条 监护人的职责是代理被监护人实施民事法律行为，保护被监护人的人身权利、财产权利以及其他合法权益等。
A guardian’s rights arising from performance of his duties as required by law are protected by law.
监护人依法履行监护职责产生的权利，受法律保护。
A guardian who fails to perform his duties or infringes upon the lawful rights or interests of the ward shall bear legal liability.
监护人不履行监护职责或者侵害被监护人合法权益的，应当承担法律责任。
Where a guardian is temporarily unable to perform his duties owing to an emergency such as an unexpected incident, thus leaving the ward in an unattended situation, the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, or the civil affairs department in the place where the ward’s domicile is located shall make arrangement as a temporary measure to provide necessary life care for the ward.
因发生突发事件等紧急情况，监护人暂时无法履行监护职责，被监护人的生活处于无人照料状态的，被监护人住所地的居民委员会、村民委员会或者民政部门应当为被监护人安排必要的临时生活照料措施。
Article 35 A guardian shall perform his duties in the best interest of the ward. A guardian shall not dispose of the ward’s property unless it is for protecting the interests of the ward.
第三十五条 监护人应当按照最有利于被监护人的原则履行监护职责。监护人除为维护被监护人利益外，不得处分被监护人的财产。
When performing his duties and making decisions relating to a minor’s interests, a guardian of a minor shall respect the true will of the minor based on the latter’s age and intelligence.
未成年人的监护人履行监护职责，在作出与被监护人利益有关的决定时，应当根据被监护人的年龄和智力状况，尊重被监护人的真实意愿。
When performing his duties, a guardian of an adult shall respect the true will of the adult to the greatest extent possible, and ensure and aid the ward in performing civil juristic acts appropriate to his intelligence and mental status. The guardian shall not interfere with the matters that the ward is capable of independently managing.
成年人的监护人履行监护职责，应当最大程度地尊重被监护人的真实意愿，保障并协助被监护人实施与其智力、精神健康状况相适应的民事法律行为。对被监护人有能力独立处理的事务，监护人不得干涉。
Article 36 Where a guardian has performed any of the following acts, the people’s court shall, upon request of a relevant individual or organization, disqualify the guardian, adopt necessary temporary measures, and appoint a new guardian in the best interest of the ward in accordance with law:
第三十六条 监护人有下列情形之一的，人民法院根据有关个人或者组织的申请，撤销其监护人资格，安排必要的临时监护措施，并按照最有利于被监护人的原则依法指定监护人：
(1) engaging in any acts which severely harm the physical or mental health of the ward;
（一）实施严重损害被监护人身心健康的行为；
(2) failing to perform the duties of guardian, or being unable to perform such duties but refusing to delegate all or part of the duties to others, thus placing the ward in a desperate situation; or
（二）怠于履行监护职责，或者无法履行监护职责且拒绝将监护职责部分或者全部委托给他人，导致被监护人处于危困状态；
(3) engaging in other acts which severely infringe upon the lawful rights and interests of the ward.
（三）实施严重侵害被监护人合法权益的其他行为。
The relevant individual and organization referred to in this Article include any other person legally qualified to be a guardian, the residents’ committee, the villagers’ committee, a school, a medical institution, the women’s federation, the disabled persons’ federation, a child protection organization, a legally established organization for senior people, the civil affairs department, and the like.
本条规定的有关个人、组织包括：其他依法具有监护资格的人，居民委员会、村民委员会、学校、医疗机构、妇女联合会、残疾人联合会、未成年人保护组织、依法设立的老年人组织、民政部门等。
Where the aforementioned individual and organization other than the civil affairs department, as stated in the preceding paragraph, fail to request the people’s court to disqualify the guardian in a timely manner, the civil affairs department shall initiate such a request to the people’s court.
前款规定的个人和民政部门以外的组织未及时向人民法院申请撤销监护人资格的，民政部门应当向人民法院申请。
Article 37 A parent, child, or spouse legally obligated to pay for his ward’s support shall continue to perform such obligations after being disqualified as a guardian by the people’s court.
第三十七条 依法负担被监护人抚养费、赡养费、扶养费的父母、子女、配偶等，被人民法院撤销监护人资格后，应当继续履行负担的义务。
Article 38 Where a ward’s parent or child, who has been disqualified as a guardian by the people’s court for reasons other than having committed an intentional crime against the ward, and who has truly repented and mended his ways, applies to the people’s court for being reinstated, the people’s court may, upon considering the actual situation and upon the satisfaction of the prerequisite that the true will of the ward is respected, reinstate the guardian, and the guardianship between the ward and the guardian subsequently appointed by the people’s court after the disqualification of the original guardian shall thus be terminated simultaneously.
第三十八条 被监护人的父母或者子女被人民法院撤销监护人资格后，除对被监护人实施故意犯罪的外，确有悔改表现的，经其申请，人民法院可以在尊重被监护人真实意愿的前提下，视情况恢复其监护人资格，人民法院指定的监护人与被监护人的监护关系同时终止。
Article 39 A guardianship is terminated under any of the following circumstances:
第三十九条 有下列情形之一的，监护关系终止：
(1) the ward has obtained or regained full capacity for performing civil juristic acts;
（一）被监护人取得或者恢复完全民事行为能力；
(2) the guardian has become incompetent to be a guardian;
（二）监护人丧失监护能力；
(3) the ward or the guardian deceases; or
（三）被监护人或者监护人死亡；
(4) Any other circumstance in which the people’s court determines to terminate the guardianship.
（四）人民法院认定监护关系终止的其他情形。
Where a ward is still in need of a guardian after the termination of the guardianship, a new guardian shall be appointed in accordance with law.
监护关系终止后，被监护人仍然需要监护的，应当依法另行确定监护人。
Section 3 Declaration of A Missing Person and Declaration of Death
第三节 宣告失踪和宣告死亡
Article 40 If a natural person’s whereabouts have been unknown for two years, an interested person may request the people’s court to declare the natural person as a missing person.
第四十条 自然人下落不明满二年的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告该自然人为失踪人。
Article 41 The period of time during which a natural person’s whereabouts is unknown shall be counted from the date when the natural person has not been heard of ever since. If a person is missing during a war, the time of his whereabouts becoming unknown shall be counted from the date the war is ended or from the date as determined by the relevant authority.
第四十一条 自然人下落不明的时间自其失去音讯之日起计算。战争期间下落不明的，下落不明的时间自战争结束之日或者有关机关确定的下落不明之日起计算。
Article 42 A missing person’s property shall be placed in the custody of his spouse, adult children, parents, or any other persons willing to take such custody.
第四十二条 失踪人的财产由其配偶、成年子女、父母或者其他愿意担任财产代管人的人代管。
Where a dispute arises over the custody of a missing person’s property, or the persons provided in the preceding paragraph are unavailable or incompetent for such a purpose, the property shall be placed in the custody of a person appointed by the people’s court.
代管有争议，没有前款规定的人，或者前款规定的人无代管能力的，由人民法院指定的人代管。
Article 43 A custodian shall properly manage the missing person’s property and safeguard his proprietary interests.
第四十三条 财产代管人应当妥善管理失踪人的财产，维护其财产权益。
The taxes, debts, and other due payment obligations owed by a missing person, if any, shall be paid by the custodian out of the missing person’s property.
失踪人所欠税款、债务和应付的其他费用，由财产代管人从失踪人的财产中支付。
A custodian who, intentionally or due to gross negligence, causes damage to the property of the missing person shall be liable for compensation.
财产代管人因故意或者重大过失造成失踪人财产损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 44 Where a custodian fails to perform his duties of custodian, infringes upon the proprietary rights or interests of the missing person, or if the custodian becomes incompetent to be a custodian, an interested person of the missing person may request the people’s court to replace the custodian.
第四十四条 财产代管人不履行代管职责、侵害失踪人财产权益或者丧失代管能力的，失踪人的利害关系人可以向人民法院申请变更财产代管人。
A custodian may, with just cause, request the people’s court to appoint a new custodian to replace himself.
财产代管人有正当理由的，可以向人民法院申请变更财产代管人。
Where the people’s court appoints a new custodian, the new custodian is entitled to request the former custodian to deliver the relevant property and a property management report in a timely manner.
人民法院变更财产代管人的，变更后的财产代管人有权请求原财产代管人及时移交有关财产并报告财产代管情况。
Article 45 Where a missing person reappears, the people’s court shall, upon request of the said person or an interested person thereof, revoke the declaration of his being missing.
第四十五条 失踪人重新出现，经本人或者利害关系人申请，人民法院应当撤销失踪宣告。
A missing person who reappears is entitled to request the custodian to deliver the relevant property and a property management report in a timely manner.
失踪人重新出现，有权请求财产代管人及时移交有关财产并报告财产代管情况。
Article 46 An interested person may request the people’s court to make a declaration of the death of a natural person under either of the following circumstances:
第四十六条 自然人有下列情形之一的，利害关系人可以向人民法院申请宣告该自然人死亡：
(1) the natural person’s whereabouts have been unknown for four years; or
（一）下落不明满四年；
(2) the natural person’s whereabouts have been unknown for two years as a result of an accident.
因意外事件，下落不明满二年。
The two-year requirement for a natural person to be declared dead does not apply where the person’s whereabouts have been unknown as a result of an accident and if a relevant authority certifies that it is impossible for the said natural person to still be alive.
因意外事件下落不明，经有关机关证明该自然人不可能生存的，申请宣告死亡不受二年时间的限制。
Article 47 Where an interested person requests the people’s court to declare the death of a natural person, while another interested person requests to declare the person being missing, the people’s court shall declare that the person is dead if the conditions for declaration of death as prescribed in this Code are satisfied.
第四十七条 对同一自然人，有的利害关系人申请宣告死亡，有的利害关系人申请宣告失踪，符合本法规定的宣告死亡条件的，人民法院应当宣告死亡。
Article 48 For a person declared dead, the date when the people’s court makes a judgment declaring his death is deemed as the date of his death; for a person declared dead because his whereabouts is unknown as a result of an accident, the date of the occurrence of the accident is deemed as the date of his death.
第四十八条 被宣告死亡的人，人民法院宣告死亡的判决作出之日视为其死亡的日期；因意外事件下落不明宣告死亡的，意外事件发生之日视为其死亡的日期。
Article 49 The declaration of the death of a natural person who is still alive does not affect the effects of the civil juristic acts performed by the person during the period the death declaration is effective.
第四十九条 自然人被宣告死亡但是并未死亡的，不影响该自然人在被宣告死亡期间实施的民事法律行为的效力。
Article 50 Where a person declared dead reappears, the people’s court shall, upon request of the person or an interested person thereof, revoke the declaration of his death.
第五十条 被宣告死亡的人重新出现，经本人或者利害关系人申请，人民法院应当撤销死亡宣告。
Article 51 The marital relationship with a person declared dead ceases to exist from the date the declaration of his death is made. Where the declaration of death is revoked, the aforementioned marital relationship shall be automatically resumed from the date the declaration of death is revoked, except where the spouse has married to someone else or states in writing to the marriage registration authority the unwillingness to resume the marriage.
第五十一条 被宣告死亡的人的婚姻关系，自死亡宣告之日起消除。死亡宣告被撤销的，婚姻关系自撤销死亡宣告之日起自行恢复。但是，其配偶再婚或者向婚姻登记机关书面声明不愿意恢复的除外。
Article 52 Where a child of a person declared dead has been legally adopted by others during the period when the declaration of death is effective, the person declared dead shall not, after the declaration of his death is revoked, claim that the adoption is invalid on the ground that his child is adopted without his consent.
第五十二条 被宣告死亡的人在被宣告死亡期间，其子女被他人依法收养的，在死亡宣告被撤销后，不得以未经本人同意为由主张收养行为无效。
Article 53 Where a declaration of the death of a person is revoked, the person is entitled to request those who have obtained his property under Book VI of this Code to return the property, or make appropriate compensation if the property cannot be returned.
第五十三条 被撤销死亡宣告的人有权请求依照本法第六编取得其财产的民事主体返还财产；无法返还的，应当给予适当补偿。
Where an interested person conceals the true information and causes a natural person to be declared dead so as to obtain the latter’s property, the interested person shall, in addition to returning the wrongfully obtained property, make compensation for any loss thus caused.
利害关系人隐瞒真实情况，致使他人被宣告死亡而取得其财产的，除应当返还财产外，还应当对由此造成的损失承担赔偿责任。
Section 4 Individual-Run Industrial and Commercial Households and Rural-land Contractual Management Households
第四节 个体工商户和农村承包经营户
Article 54 A natural person who operates an industrial or commercial business may register it, in accordance with law, as an individual-run industrial and commercial household. An industrial and commercial household may have a trade name.
第五十四条 自然人从事工商业经营，经依法登记，为个体工商户。个体工商户可以起字号。
Article 55 Members of a rural economic collective who, in accordance with law, have been granted an original contract to operate a parcel of rural land and engages in the operation of the land on a household basis are rural-land contractual management households.
第五十五条 农村集体经济组织的成员，依法取得农村土地承包经营权，从事家庭承包经营的，为农村承包经营户。
Article 56 The debts of an individual-run industrial and commercial household shall be paid from the assets of the individual who operates the business in his own name or from the individual’s family assets if the business is operated in the name of the household, or, if it is impossible to determine whether the business is operated in the name of the individual or in the name of the individual’s household, from the individual’s family assets.
第五十六条 个体工商户的债务，个人经营的，以个人财产承担；家庭经营的，以家庭财产承担；无法区分的，以家庭财产承担。
The debts of a rural-land contractual management household shall be paid from the assets of the household that is engaged in the operation on the contracted rural land, or from the portion of the assets of the family members who actually engage in such operation.
农村承包经营户的债务，以从事农村土地承包经营的农户财产承担；事实上由农户部分成员经营的，以该部分成员的财产承担。
Chapter III Legal Persons
第三章 法人
Section 1 General Rules
第一节 一般规定
Article 57 A legal person is an organization that has the capacity for enjoying civil-law rights and the capacity for performing civil juristic acts, and that independently enjoys civil-law rights and assumes civil-law obligations in accordance with law.
第五十七条 法人是具有民事权利能力和民事行为能力，依法独立享有民事权利和承担民事义务的组织。
Article 58 A legal person shall be established in accordance with law.
第五十八条 法人应当依法成立。
A legal person shall have its own name, governance structure, domicile, and assets or funds. The specific conditions and procedures for the establishment of a legal person shall be in accordance with laws and administrative regulations.
法人应当有自己的名称、组织机构、住所、财产或者经费。法人成立的具体条件和程序，依照法律、行政法规的规定。
Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing that the establishment of a legal person shall be subject to the approval of a relevant authority, such provisions shall be followed.
设立法人，法律、行政法规规定须经有关机关批准的，依照其规定。
Article 59 A legal person’s capacity for enjoying civil-law rights and capacity for performing civil juristic acts are acquired when the legal person is established, and cease when the legal person is terminated.
第五十九条 法人的民事权利能力和民事行为能力，从法人成立时产生，到法人终止时消灭。
Article 60 A legal person independently assumes civil liability to the extent of all of its assets.
第六十条 法人以其全部财产独立承担民事责任。
Article 61 The person with the responsibility of representing a legal person in conducting civil activities in accordance with law or the legal person’s articles of association is the legal representative of the legal person.
第六十一条 依照法律或者法人章程的规定，代表法人从事民事活动的负责人，为法人的法定代表人。
The legal consequences of the civil activities conducted by the legal representative in the legal person’s name shall be assumed by the legal person.
法定代表人以法人名义从事的民事活动，其法律后果由法人承受。
Any restrictions on the legal representative’s power to represent the legal person which is stipulated in the articles of association or imposed by the governing body of the legal person shall not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
法人章程或者法人权力机构对法定代表人代表权的限制，不得对抗善意相对人。
Article 62 Where a legal representative of a legal person causes damage to others while performing his responsibilities, the civil liability thus incurred shall be assumed by the legal person.
第六十二条 法定代表人因执行职务造成他人损害的，由法人承担民事责任。
After assuming the aforementioned civil liability, the legal person has the right to indemnification, in accordance with law or its articles of association, against its legal representative who is at fault.
法人承担民事责任后，依照法律或者法人章程的规定，可以向有过错的法定代表人追偿。
Article 63 The domicile of a legal person is the place where its principal administrative office is located. Where a legal person is required by law to be registered, the place of its principal administrative office shall be registered as its domicile.
第六十三条 法人以其主要办事机构所在地为住所。依法需要办理法人登记的，应当将主要办事机构所在地登记为住所。
Article 64 Where there is any change in any matter that has been registered during the term of existence of a legal person, the legal person shall apply to the registration authority for modification of its registration in accordance with law.
第六十四条 法人存续期间登记事项发生变化的，应当依法向登记机关申请变更登记。
Article 65 The actual situation of a legal person, which is inconsistent with what is recorded upon registration, shall not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第六十五条 法人的实际情况与登记的事项不一致的，不得对抗善意相对人。
Article 66 The registration authority shall, in accordance with law, post in a timely manner a public notice of the information recorded by a legal person upon registration.
第六十六条 登记机关应当依法及时公示法人登记的有关信息。
Article 67 In case of a merger between or among legal persons, the rights and obligations of such legal persons shall be enjoyed and assumed by the surviving legal person.
第六十七条 法人合并的，其权利和义务由合并后的法人享有和承担。
In case of a division of a legal person, the rights and obligations of the legal person shall be enjoyed and assumed jointly and severally by the legal persons established after division, unless otherwise agreed by its creditors and debtors.
法人分立的，其权利和义务由分立后的法人享有连带债权，承担连带债务，但是债权人和债务人另有约定的除外。
Article 68 If any of the following causes exists, a legal person is terminated after it has completed liquidation and de-registration in accordance with law:
第六十八条 有下列原因之一并依法完成清算、注销登记的，法人终止：
(1) the legal person is dissolved;
（一）法人解散；
(2) the legal person is declared bankrupt; or
（二）法人被宣告破产；
(3) another cause as provided by law exists. Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing that the termination of a legal person shall be subject to the approval of the relevant authority, such provisions shall be followed.
（三）法律规定的其他原因。
Article 69 A legal person is dissolved under any of the following circumstances:
法人终止，法律、行政法规规定须经有关机关批准的，依照其规定。
Article 69 A legal person is dissolved under any of the following circumstances:
第六十九条 有下列情形之一的，法人解散：
(1) the term stipulated in its articles of association expires, or any other cause for dissolution as is stipulated in the articles of association exists;
（一）法人章程规定的存续期间届满或者法人章程规定的其他解散事由出现；
(2) the governing body of the legal person makes a resolution to dissolve the legal person;
（二）法人的权力机构决议解散；
(3) the legal person has to be dissolved because of a merger or division;
（三）因法人合并或者分立需要解散；
(4) the legal person’s business license or registration certificate is legally withdrawn, or the legal person has received an order of closure or been dissolved; or
（四）法人依法被吊销营业执照、登记证书，被责令关闭或者被撤销；
(5) another circumstance as provided by law exists.
（五）法律规定的其他情形。
Article 70 Where a legal person is dissolved for reasons other than a merger or division, a liquidation committee shall be formed in a timely manner by the persons with the duty of liquidation to liquidate the legal person.
第七十条 法人解散的，除合并或者分立的情形外，清算义务人应当及时组成清算组进行清算。
Unless otherwise provided by laws or administrative regulations, members of the legal person’s executive or decision-making body such as the directors or councilors, are the persons with the duty to liquidate the legal person.
法人的董事、理事等执行机构或者决策机构的成员为清算义务人。法律、行政法规另有规定的，依照其规定。
The persons with the duty to liquidate the legal person who fail to perform their duties in time and cause damage to others shall bear civil liability; the competent authority or an interested person may request the people’s court to appoint the relevant persons to form a liquidation committee to liquidate the legal person.
清算义务人未及时履行清算义务，造成损害的，应当承担民事责任；主管机关或者利害关系人可以申请人民法院指定有关人员组成清算组进行清算。
Article 71 The procedure for liquidating a legal person and the authorities of a liquidation committee shall be in compliance with the provisions of relevant laws; in the absence of such a provision, the relevant rules provided in corporate laws shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第七十一条 法人的清算程序和清算组职权，依照有关法律的规定；没有规定的，参照适用公司法律的有关规定。
Article 72 During the period of liquidation, a legal person continues to exist but may not engage in any activity unrelated to the liquidation.
第七十二条 清算期间法人存续，但是不得从事与清算无关的活动。
Unless otherwise provided by law, upon completion of liquidation, any residual assets of a liquidated legal person shall be distributed in accordance with its articles of association or the resolution made by its governing body.
法人清算后的剩余财产，按照法人章程的规定或者法人权力机构的决议处理。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
A legal person is terminated after liquidation and de-registration is completed; a legal person that is not required by law to be registered ceases to exist upon completion of the liquidation.
清算结束并完成法人注销登记时，法人终止；依法不需要办理法人登记的，清算结束时，法人终止。
Article 73 A legal person declared bankrupt is terminated upon completion of the bankruptcy liquidation and de-registration in accordance with law.
第七十三条 法人被宣告破产的，依法进行破产清算并完成法人注销登记时，法人终止。
Article 74 A legal person may establish branches in accordance with law. Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing that such a branch shall be registered, such provisions shall be followed.
第七十四条 法人可以依法设立分支机构。法律、行政法规规定分支机构应当登记的，依照其规定。
Where a branch of a legal person engages in civil activities in its own name, the civil liability thus incurred shall be assumed by the legal person; the civil liability may be paid first from the assets managed by the branch, and any deficiency shall be satisfied by the legal person.
分支机构以自己的名义从事民事活动，产生的民事责任由法人承担；也可以先以该分支机构管理的财产承担，不足以承担的，由法人承担。
Article 75 The legal consequences of the civil activities conducted by an incorporator for the purpose of establishing a legal person shall be assumed by the legal person; or, in the event that no legal person is successfully established, by the incorporator, or the incorporators jointly and severally if there are two or more of them.
第七十五条 设立人为设立法人从事的民事活动，其法律后果由法人承受；法人未成立的，其法律后果由设立人承受，设立人为二人以上的，享有连带债权，承担连带债务。
Where an incorporator engages in civil activities in his own name for the purpose of establishing a legal person and thus incurs civil liability, a third person creditor may elect to request either the legal person or the incorporator to bear the liability.
设立人为设立法人以自己的名义从事民事活动产生的民事责任，第三人有权选择请求法人或者设立人承担。
Section 2 For-profit Legal Persons
第二节 营利法人
Article 76 A for-profit legal person is a legal person established for the purpose of making profits and distributing the profits among its shareholders and other capital contributors.
第七十六条 以取得利润并分配给股东等出资人为目的成立的法人，为营利法人。
For-profit legal persons include limited liability companies, join stock companies limited by shares, and other enterprises that have the legal person status.
营利法人包括有限责任公司、股份有限公司和其他企业法人等。
Article 77 A for-profit legal person is established upon registration in accordance with law.
第七十七条 营利法人经依法登记成立。
Article 78 The registration authority shall issue a business license to a legally established for-profit legal person. The date of issuance of the business license is the date of establishment of the for-profit legal person.
第七十八条 依法设立的营利法人，由登记机关发给营利法人营业执照。营业执照签发日期为营利法人的成立日期。
Article 79 To establish a for-profit legal person, there shall be articles of association formulated in accordance with law.
第七十九条 设立营利法人应当依法制定法人章程。
Article 80 A for-profit legal person shall establish a governing body.
第八十条 营利法人应当设权力机构。
The governing body has the authority to revise the articles of association of the legal person, elect or replace members of the executive or supervisory body, and perform other responsibilities stipulated in the articles of association.
权力机构行使修改法人章程，选举或者更换执行机构、监督机构成员，以及法人章程规定的其他职权。
Article 81 A for-profit legal person shall establish an executive body.
第八十一条 营利法人应当设执行机构。
The executive body has the authority to convene meetings of the governing body, decide on business and investment plans, establish internal management structure, and perform other responsibilities stipulated in the articles of association of the legal person.
执行机构行使召集权力机构会议，决定法人的经营计划和投资方案，决定法人内部管理机构的设置，以及法人章程规定的其他职权。
Where the executive body of a legal person is the board of directors or the executive director, the legal representative shall be the chairman of the board of directors, the executive director, or the manager, as is stipulated in the articles of association. Where there is no board of directors or executive director established, the person with principal responsibilities as stipulated in the articles of association shall be the executive body and the legal representative of the legal person.
执行机构为董事会或者执行董事的，董事长、执行董事或者经理按照法人章程的规定担任法定代表人；未设董事会或者执行董事的，法人章程规定的主要负责人为其执行机构和法定代表人。
Article 82 Where a for -profit legal person establishes a supervisory body such as a board of supervisors or a supervisor, the supervisory body has, in accordance with law, the authority to inspect the financial matters of the legal person, supervise the performance of duty by the members of the executive body and the senior management officers of the legal person, and perform other responsibilities stipulated in the articles of association.
第八十二条 营利法人设监事会或者监事等监督机构的，监督机构依法行使检查法人财务，监督执行机构成员、高级管理人员执行法人职务的行为，以及法人章程规定的其他职权。
Article 83 A capital contributor of a for-profit legal person shall not abuse his rights as such to harm the interests of the legal person or any other capital contributor. A capital contributor abusing such rights and causing harm to the legal person or any other capital contributor shall bear civil liability in accordance with law.
第八十三条 营利法人的出资人不得滥用出资人权利损害法人或者其他出资人的利益；滥用出资人权利造成法人或者其他出资人损失的，应当依法承担民事责任。
A capital contributor of a for-profit legal person shall not abuse the legal person’s independent status and his own limited liability status to harm the interests of the legal person’s creditors. A capital contributor abusing the legal person’s independent status or its own limited liability status to evade repayment of debts and thus severely harming the interests of the legal person’s creditors shall be jointly and severally liable for the legal person’s obligations.
营利法人的出资人不得滥用法人独立地位和出资人有限责任损害法人债权人的利益；滥用法人独立地位和出资人有限责任，逃避债务，严重损害法人债权人的利益的，应当对法人债务承担连带责任。
Article 84 The controlling capital contributors, actual controllers, directors, supervisors, and senior management officers of a for-profit legal person shall not harm the legal person’s interests by taking advantage of any affiliated relations, and shall compensate for any loss thus caused to the legal person.
第八十四条 营利法人的控股出资人、实际控制人、董事、监事、高级管理人员不得利用其关联关系损害法人的利益；利用关联关系造成法人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 85 A capital contributor of a for-profit legal person may request the people’s court to revoke a resolution which is made at a meeting of the governing body or executive body of the legal person if the procedure for convening the meeting or the voting method thereof is in violation of the laws, administrative regulations, or the legal person’s articles of association, or, if the content of the resolution violates the articles of association, provided that any civil juristic relationship already formed between the legal person and a bona fide third person based on such a resolution shall not be affected.
第八十五条 营利法人的权力机构、执行机构作出决议的会议召集程序、表决方式违反法律、行政法规、法人章程，或者决议内容违反法人章程的，营利法人的出资人可以请求人民法院撤销该决议。但是，营利法人依据该决议与善意相对人形成的民事法律关系不受影响。
Article 86 A for-profit legal person shall, when engaging in operational activities, observe commercial ethics, maintain the security of transactions, subject itself to the supervision of the government and the public, and assume social responsibilities.
第八十六条 营利法人从事经营活动，应当遵守商业道德，维护交易安全，接受政府和社会的监督，承担社会责任。
Section 3 Non-profit Legal Persons
第三节 非营利法人
Article 87 A non-profit legal person is a legal person established for public welfare or other non-profit purposes which shall not distribute any profit to its capital contributors, incorporators, or members.
第八十七条 为公益目的或者其他非营利目的成立，不向出资人、设立人或者会员分配所取得利润的法人，为非营利法人。
Non-profit legal persons include public institutions, social organizations, foundations, social service institutions, and the like.
非营利法人包括事业单位、社会团体、基金会、社会服务机构等。
Article 88 A public institution established for the purpose of providing public services to meet the needs for economic and social development attains the status of a public-institution legal person if it satisfies the requirements for being a legal person and is legally registered as such; where the law does not require such a public institution to be registered, it attains the status of a public-institution legal person from the date of its establishment.
第八十八条 具备法人条件，为适应经济社会发展需要，提供公益服务设立的事业单位，经依法登记成立，取得事业单位法人资格；依法不需要办理法人登记的，从成立之日起，具有事业单位法人资格。
Article 89 Where a public-institution legal person establishes a council, the council is its decision-making body unless otherwise provided by law. The legal representative of a public-institution legal person is elected in accordance with the provisions of laws, administrative regulations, or the legal person’s articles of association.
第八十九条 事业单位法人设理事会的，除法律另有规定外，理事会为其决策机构。事业单位法人的法定代表人依照法律、行政法规或者法人章程的规定产生。
Article 90 A social organization established upon the common will of its members for a non-profit purpose, such as public welfare or the common interest of all members, attains the status of a social-organization legal person if it satisfies the requirements for being a legal person and is legally registered as such. Where the law does not require such a social organization to be registered, it attains the status of a social-organization legal person from the date of its establishment.
第九十条 具备法人条件，基于会员共同意愿，为公益目的或者会员共同利益等非营利目的设立的社会团体，经依法登记成立，取得社会团体法人资格；依法不需要办理法人登记的，从成立之日起，具有社会团体法人资格。
Article 91 To establish a social-organization legal person, there shall be articles of association formulated in accordance with law.
第九十一条 设立社会团体法人应当依法制定法人章程。
A social-organization legal person shall establish a governing body such as a members’ assembly or a meeting of the members’ representatives.
社会团体法人应当设会员大会或者会员代表大会等权力机构。
A social -organization legal person shall establish an executive body such as a council. The chairman of the council, the president, or an individual with similar responsibilities shall, in accordance with the articles of association, act as the legal representative of the legal person.
社会团体法人应当设理事会等执行机构。理事长或者会长等负责人按照法人章程的规定担任法定代表人。
Article 92 A foundation or a social service institution established with donated property for the purpose of public welfare attains the status of an endowed legal person if it meets the requirements for being a legal person and is legally registered as such.
第九十二条 具备法人条件，为公益目的以捐助财产设立的基金会、社会服务机构等，经依法登记成立，取得捐助法人资格。
A site legally established to hold religious activities may be registered as a legal person and attains the status of an endowed legal person if it meets the requirements for being a legal person. Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing for the religious sites, such provisions shall be followed.
依法设立的宗教活动场所，具备法人条件的，可以申请法人登记，取得捐助法人资格。法律、行政法规对宗教活动场所有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 93 To establish an endowed legal person, there shall be articles of association formulated in accordance with law.
第九十三条 设立捐助法人应当依法制定法人章程。
An endowed legal person shall establish a decision-making body such as a council or any other form of democratic management body, and an executive body. The chairman of the council or an individual with similar responsibilities shall, in accordance with the articles of association, act as the legal representative of the legal person.
捐助法人应当设理事会、民主管理组织等决策机构，并设执行机构。理事长等负责人按照法人章程的规定担任法定代表人。
An endowed legal person shall establish a supervisory body such as a board of supervisors.
捐助法人应当设监事会等监督机构。
Article 94 A donor has the right to inquire into and provide comments and suggestions on the expenditure and management of the property he has donated to an endowed legal person, and the endowed legal person shall respond honestly and in a timely manner.
第九十四条 捐助人有权向捐助法人查询捐助财产的使用、管理情况，并提出意见和建议，捐助法人应当及时、如实答复。
Where a decision is made by the decision-making body, executive body, or the legal representative of an endowed legal person, if the decision-making procedure is in violation of the laws, administrative regulations, or the legal person’s articles of association, or, if the content of the decision violates the articles of association, a donor or any other interested person, or the competent authority may request the people’s court to revoke the decision, provided that any civil juristic relationship already formed between the endowed legal person and a bona fide third person based on such a decision shall not be affected.
捐助法人的决策机构、执行机构或者法定代表人作出决定的程序违反法律、行政法规、法人章程，或者决定内容违反法人章程的，捐助人等利害关系人或者主管机关可以请求人民法院撤销该决定。但是，捐助法人依据该决定与善意相对人形成的民事法律关系不受影响。
Article 95 When a non-profit legal person established for the purpose of public welfare terminates, it shall not distribute the residual assets among its capital contributors, incorporators, or members. The residual assets shall continue to be used for the purpose of public welfare, as is stipulated in the articles of association or the resolution made by the governing body; where it is not possible to dispose of such residual assets in accordance with the articles of association or the resolution made by the governing body, the competent authority shall take the charge transferring the assets to another legal person with the same or similar purposes and then make a public notice.
第九十五条 为公益目的成立的非营利法人终止时，不得向出资人、设立人或者会员分配剩余财产。剩余财产应当按照法人章程的规定或者权力机构的决议用于公益目的；无法按照法人章程的规定或者权力机构的决议处理的，由主管机关主持转给宗旨相同或者相近的法人，并向社会公告。
Section 4 Special Legal Persons
第四节 特别法人
Article 96 For the purposes of this Section, State-organ legal persons, rural economic collective legal persons, urban and rural cooperative economic organization legal persons, and primary-level self-governing organization legal persons are special types of legal persons.
第九十六条 本节规定的机关法人、农村集体经济组织法人、城镇农村的合作经济组织法人、基层群众性自治组织法人，为特别法人。
Article 97 A State organ with independent budgets or a legally chartered institution assuming administrative functions is qualified as a State-organ legal person from the date of its establishment and may engage in civil activities that are necessary for the performance of its responsibilities.
第九十七条 有独立经费的机关和承担行政职能的法定机构从成立之日起，具有机关法人资格，可以从事为履行职能所需要的民事活动。
Article 98 A State-organ legal person terminates when the State organ is closed, and its civil-law rights and obligations are enjoyed and assumed by the succeeding State-organ legal person; in the absence of a succeeding State organ, the said rights and obligations shall be enjoyed and assumed by the State-organ legal person that has made the decision to close it.
第九十八条 机关法人被撤销的，法人终止，其民事权利和义务由继任的机关法人享有和承担；没有继任的机关法人的，由作出撤销决定的机关法人享有和承担。
Article 99 A rural economic collective attains the status of a legal person in accordance with law.
第九十九条 农村集体经济组织依法取得法人资格。
Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing for rural economic collectives, such provisions shall be followed.
法律、行政法规对农村集体经济组织有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 100 An urban or rural economic cooperative attains the status of a legal person in accordance with law.
第一百条 城镇农村的合作经济组织依法取得法人资格。
Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing for urban and rural economic cooperatives, such provisions shall be followed.
法律、行政法规对城镇农村的合作经济组织有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 101 An urban residents’ committee or a villagers’ committee, as a primary-level self-governing organization, attains the status of a legal person, and may engage in civil activities necessary for the performance of their responsibilities.
第一百零一条 居民委员会、村民委员会具有基层群众性自治组织法人资格，可以从事为履行职能所需要的民事活动。
Where there is no village economic collective established, the villagers’ committee may, in accordance with law, perform the responsibilities of a village economic collective.
未设立村集体经济组织的，村民委员会可以依法代行村集体经济组织的职能。
Chapter IV Unincorporated Organizations
第四章 非法人组织
Article 102 An unincorporated organization is an organization which does not have the legal person status but may engage in civil activities in its own name in accordance with law.
第一百零二条 非法人组织是不具有法人资格，但是能够依法以自己的名义从事民事活动的组织。
Unincorporated organizations include sole proprietorships, partnerships, professional service institutions that do not have the legal person status, and the like.
非法人组织包括个人独资企业、合伙企业、不具有法人资格的专业服务机构等。
Article 103 Unincorporated organizations shall be registered in accordance with law.
第一百零三条 非法人组织应当依照法律的规定登记。
Where laws or administrative regulations provide that establishment of an unincorporated organization shall be subject to approval by the relevant authority, such provisions shall be followed.
设立非法人组织，法律、行政法规规定须经有关机关批准的，依照其规定。
Article 104 Where an unincorporated organization becomes insolvent, its capital contributors or promotors shall assume unlimited liability for the debts of the organization, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一百零四条 非法人组织的财产不足以清偿债务的，其出资人或者设立人承担无限责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 105 An unincorporated organization may designate one or more members to represent the organization to engage in civil activities.
第一百零五条 非法人组织可以确定一人或者数人代表该组织从事民事活动。
Article 106 An unincorporated organization shall be dissolved under any of the following circumstances:
第一百零六条 有下列情形之一的，非法人组织解散：
(1) where the term stipulated in its articles of association expires or any other cause for dissolution as is stipulated in the articles of association exists;
（一）章程规定的存续期间届满或者章程规定的其他解散事由出现；
(2) where its capital contributors or promotors decide to dissolve it; or
（二）出资人或者设立人决定解散；
(3) where dissolution is required under any other circumstances as provided by law.
（三）法律规定的其他情形。
Article 107 Upon dissolution, an unincorporated organization shall be liquidated in accordance with law.
第一百零七条 非法人组织解散的，应当依法进行清算。
Article 108 In addition to the provisions in this Chapter, the provisions in Section 1 of Chapter III of this Book shall be applied to unincorporated organizations mutatis mutandis.
第一百零八条 非法人组织除适用本章规定外，参照适用本编第三章第一节的有关规定。
Chapter V Civil-law Rights
第五章 民事权利
Article 109 The personal liberty and dignity of a natural person is protected by law.
第一百零九条 自然人的人身自由、人格尊严受法律保护。
Article 110 A natural person enjoys the right to life, the right to corporeal integrity, the right to health, the right to name, the right to likeness, the right to reputation, the right to honor, the right to privacy, and the right to freedom of marriage.
第一百一十条 自然人享有生命权、身体权、健康权、姓名权、肖像权、名誉权、荣誉权、隐私权、婚姻自主权等权利。
A legal person or an unincorporated organization enjoys the right to entity name, the right to reputation, and the right to honor.
法人、非法人组织享有名称权、名誉权和荣誉权。
Article 111 A natural person’s personal information is protected by law. Any organization or individual that needs to access other’s personal information must do so in accordance with law and guarantee the safety of such information, and may not illegally collect, use, process, or transmit other’s personal information, or illegally trade, provide, or publicize such information.
第一百一十一条 自然人的个人信息受法律保护。任何组织或者个人需要获取他人个人信息的，应当依法取得并确保信息安全，不得非法收集、使用、加工、传输他人个人信息，不得非法买卖、提供或者公开他人个人信息。
Article 112 The personal rights of a natural person arising from a marital or familial relationship are protected by law.
第一百一十二条 自然人因婚姻家庭关系等产生的人身权利受法律保护。
Article 113 The proprietary rights of the persons of the civil law are equally protected by law.
第一百一十三条 民事主体的财产权利受法律平等保护。
Article 114 Persons of the civil law enjoy real rights in accordance with law.
第一百一十四条 民事主体依法享有物权。
Real rights are the rights to directly and exclusively control a specific thing by the right holder in accordance with law, which consists of the ownership, right to usufruct, and security interests in the property.
物权是权利人依法对特定的物享有直接支配和排他的权利，包括所有权、用益物权和担保物权。
Article 115 Property consists of immovable and movable property. Where the law provides that a right shall be treated as property over which a real right lies, such provisions shall be followed.
第一百一十五条 物包括不动产和动产。法律规定权利作为物权客体的，依照其规定。
Article 116 The categories and content of the real rights are provided by law.
第一百一十六条 物权的种类和内容，由法律规定。
Article 117 Where, for the purpose of public interests, an immovable or movable property is expropriated or requisitioned according to the scope of authority and the procedure provided by law, fair and reasonable compensation shall be paid.
第一百一十七条 为了公共利益的需要，依照法律规定的权限和程序征收、征用不动产或者动产的，应当给予公平、合理的补偿。
Article 118 Persons of the civil law have rights in personam in accordance with law.
第一百一十八条 民事主体依法享有债权。
A right in personam is the right of an obligee to request a specific obligor to do or not to do a certain act, as arising from a contract, a tortious act, a negotiorum gestio, or unjust enrichment, or otherwise arising by operation of law.
债权是因合同、侵权行为、无因管理、不当得利以及法律的其他规定，权利人请求特定义务人为或者不为一定行为的权利。
Article 119 A contract formed in accordance with law is legally binding on the parties to the contract.
第一百一十九条 依法成立的合同，对当事人具有法律约束力。
Article 120 Where a person’s civil-law rights and interests are infringed upon due to a tortious act, the person is entitled to request the tortfeasor to bear tort liability.
第一百二十条 民事权益受到侵害的，被侵权人有权请求侵权人承担侵权责任。
Article 121 A person who, without a statutory or contractual obligation, engages in management activities to prevent another person from suffering loss of interests, is entitled to request the said other person who receives benefit therefrom to reimburse the necessary expenses thus incurred.
第一百二十一条 没有法定的或者约定的义务，为避免他人利益受损失而进行管理的人，有权请求受益人偿还由此支出的必要费用。
Article 122 Where a person obtains unjust interests at the expense of another person’s loss without a legal cause, the person thus harmed is entitled to request the enriched person to make restitution.
第一百二十二条 因他人没有法律根据，取得不当利益，受损失的人有权请求其返还不当利益。
Article 123 The persons of the civil law enjoy intellectual property rights in accordance with law.
第一百二十三条 民事主体依法享有知识产权。
Intellectual property rights are the exclusive rights enjoyed by the right holders in accordance with law over the following subject matters:
知识产权是权利人依法就下列客体享有的专有的权利：
(1)works;
（一）作品；
(2)inventions, new utility models, or designs;
（二）发明、实用新型、外观设计；
(3)trademarks;
（三）商标；
(4)geographical indications;
（四）地理标志；
(5)trade secrets;
（五）商业秘密；
(6)layout designs of integrated circuits;
（六）集成电路布图设计；
(7)new plant varieties; and
（七）植物新品种；
(8)the other subject matters as provided by law.
（八）法律规定的其他客体。
Article 124 A natural person has the right to succession in accordance with law.
第一百二十四条 自然人依法享有继承权。
Private property lawfully owned by a natural person may be transferred through inheritance in accordance with law.
自然人合法的私有财产，可以依法继承。
Article 125 The persons of the civil law enjoy shareholder rights and other investor rights in accordance with law.
第一百二十五条 民事主体依法享有股权和其他投资性权利。
Article 126 The persons of the civil law enjoy other civil-law rights and interests as provided by law.
第一百二十六条 民事主体享有法律规定的其他民事权利和利益。
Article 127 Where there are laws particularly providing for the protection of data and online virtual assets, such provisions shall be followed.
第一百二十七条 法律对数据、网络虚拟财产的保护有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 128 Where there are laws particularly providing for the protection of the civil-law rights of the minors, the elderly, the disabled, women, or the consumers, such provisions shall be followed.
第一百二十八条 法律对未成年人、老年人、残疾人、妇女、消费者等的民事权利保护有特别规定的，依照其规定。
Article 129 Civil-law rights may be acquired through the performance of a civil juristic act, the occurrence of an act de facto, the occurrence of an event as prescribed by law, or by other means provided by law.
第一百二十九条 民事权利可以依据民事法律行为、事实行为、法律规定的事件或者法律规定的其他方式取得。
Article 130 The persons of the civil law enjoy their civil-law rights according to their own will and in accordance with law free from any interference.
第一百三十条 民事主体按照自己的意愿依法行使民事权利，不受干涉。
Article 131 While exercising civil-law rights, the persons of the civil law shall perform their obligations which are provided by law and agreed with the other parties.
第一百三十一条 民事主体行使权利时，应当履行法律规定的和当事人约定的义务。
Article 132 No person of the civil law shall abuse his civil-law rights and harm the interests of the state, the public interests, or the lawful rights and interests of others.
第一百三十二条 民事主体不得滥用民事权利损害国家利益、社会公共利益或者他人合法权益。
Chapter VI Civil Juristic Acts
第六章 民事法律行为
Section 1 General Rules
第一节 一般规定
Article 133 A civil juristic act is an act through which a person of the civil law, by expression of intent, creates, alters, or terminates a civil juristic relationship.
第一百三十三条 民事法律行为是民事主体通过意思表示设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的行为。
Article 134 A civil juristic act may be accomplished through unanimous consent of two or more parties, or through one party’s unilateral expression of intent.
第一百三十四条 民事法律行为可以基于双方或者多方的意思表示一致成立，也可以基于单方的意思表示成立。
Where a legal person or an unincorporated organization makes a resolution in accordance with the procedure and voting method provided by law or stipulated in its articles of association, such a resolution is accomplished as a civil juristic act.
法人、非法人组织依照法律或者章程规定的议事方式和表决程序作出决议的，该决议行为成立。
Article 135 A civil juristic act may be done in writing, orally, or in any other form; where a specific form is required by laws or administrative regulations, or agreed by the parties, it shall be done in such a form.
第一百三十五条 民事法律行为可以采用书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式；法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定采用特定形式的，应当采用特定形式。
Article 136 Unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties, a civil juristic act takes effect at the time it is accomplished.
第一百三十六条 民事法律行为自成立时生效，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
A person that performs a civil juristic act may not change or revoke the act without authorization, unless doing so is in compliance with law or as consented to by the other party.
行为人非依法律规定或者未经对方同意，不得擅自变更或者解除民事法律行为。
Section 2 Expression of Intent
第二节 意思表示
Article 137 An expression of intent made in a real-time communication becomes effective from the time the person to whom the intent is expressed is aware of its content.
第一百三十七条 以对话方式作出的意思表示，相对人知道其内容时生效。
An expression of intent made in a form other than a real-time communication becomes effective from the time it reaches the person to whom the intent is expressed. Where such an expression of intent is made through an electronic data message and the person to whom the intent is expressed has designated a specific data-receiving system, it becomes effective from the time such a data message enters that system; where no data-receiving system is specifically designated, it becomes effective from the time the person to whom the intent is expressed knows or should have known that the data message has entered the system. Where the parties have agreed otherwise on the effective time of the expression of intent made in the form of an electronic data message, such an agreement shall prevail.
以非对话方式作出的意思表示，到达相对人时生效。以非对话方式作出的采用数据电文形式的意思表示，相对人指定特定系统接收数据电文的，该数据电文进入该特定系统时生效；未指定特定系统的，相对人知道或者应当知道该数据电文进入其系统时生效。当事人对采用数据电文形式的意思表示的生效时间另有约定的，按照其约定。
Article 138 Where an expression of intent is not made to any specific person, it becomes effective when the expression is completed, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一百三十八条 无相对人的意思表示，表示完成时生效。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 139 An expression of intent made through public notice becomes effective upon the time the public notice is posted.
第一百三十九条 以公告方式作出的意思表示，公告发布时生效。
Article 140 A person performing a civil juristic act may make an expression of intent either expressly or implicitly.
第一百四十条 行为人可以明示或者默示作出意思表示。
Silence is deemed as an expression of intent only when it is so provided by law, agreed by the parties, or accords with the course of dealing between the parties.
沉默只有在有法律规定、当事人约定或者符合当事人之间的交易习惯时，才可以视为意思表示。
Article 141 A person performing a civil juristic act may withdraw an expression of intent. The notice of withdrawal of the expression of intent shall reach the counterparty prior to or at the same time with the counterparty’s receipt of the expression of intent.
第一百四十一条 行为人可以撤回意思表示。撤回意思表示的通知应当在意思表示到达相对人前或者与意思表示同时到达相对人。
Article 142 Where an expression of intent is made to another person, the meaning of the expression shall be interpreted according to the words and sentences used, with reference to the relevant terms, the nature and purpose of the civil juristic act, the custom, and the principle of good faith.
第一百四十二条 有相对人的意思表示的解释，应当按照所使用的词句，结合相关条款、行为的性质和目的、习惯以及诚信原则，确定意思表示的含义。
Where an expression of intent is not made to any specific person, the true intent of the person performing a civil juristic act shall not be interpreted solely on the words and sentences used, but along with the relevant terms, the nature and purpose of the civil juristic act, custom, and the principle of good faith.
无相对人的意思表示的解释，不能完全拘泥于所使用的词句，而应当结合相关条款、行为的性质和目的、习惯以及诚信原则，确定行为人的真实意思。
Section 3 Effect of a Civil Juristic Act
第三节 民事法律行为的效力
Article 143 A civil juristic act is valid if the following conditions are satisfied:
第一百四十三条 具备下列条件的民事法律行为有效：
(1) the person performing the act has the required capacity for performing civil juristic acts;
（一）行为人具有相应的民事行为能力；
(2) the intent expressed by the person is true; and
（二）意思表示真实；
(3) the act does not violate any mandatory provisions of laws or administrative regulations, nor offend public order or good morals.
（三）不违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定，不违背公序良俗。
Article 144 A civil juristic act performed by a person who has no capacity for performing civil juristic acts is void.
第一百四十四条 无民事行为能力人实施的民事法律行为无效。
Article 145 A civil juristic act, performed by a person with limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts that is purely beneficial to the person or is appropriate to the age, intelligence, or mental status of the person is valid; any other civil juristic act performed by such a person is valid if a consent or ratification is obtained from his legal representative.
第一百四十五条 限制民事行为能力人实施的纯获利益的民事法律行为或者与其年龄、智力、精神健康状况相适应的民事法律行为有效；实施的其他民事法律行为经法定代理人同意或者追认后有效。
A third person involved in the act performed by a person with limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts may request the legal representative of the latter to ratify the act within 30 days from receipt of the notification. Inaction of the legal representative is deemed as refusal of ratification. Before such an act is ratified, a bona fide third person is entitled to revoke the act. The Revocation shall be made by notice.
相对人可以催告法定代理人自收到通知之日起三十日内予以追认。法定代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。民事法律行为被追认前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。
Article 146 A civil juristic act performed by a person and another person based on a false expression of intent is void.
第一百四十六条 行为人与相对人以虚假的意思表示实施的民事法律行为无效。
Where an expression of intent deliberately conceals a civil juristic act, the validity of the concealed act shall be determined in accordance with the relevant laws.
以虚假的意思表示隐藏的民事法律行为的效力，依照有关法律规定处理。
Article 147 Where a civil juristic act is performed based on serious misunderstanding, the person who performs the act has the right to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the act.
第一百四十七条 基于重大误解实施的民事法律行为，行为人有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。
Article 148 Where a party by fraudulent means induces the other party to perform a civil juristic act against the latter’s true intention, the defrauded party has the right to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the act.
第一百四十八条 一方以欺诈手段，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为，受欺诈方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。
Article 149 Where a party knows or should have known that a civil juristic act performed by the other party is based on a third person’s fraudulent act and is against the other party’s true intention, the defrauded party has the right to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the civil juristic act.
第一百四十九条 第三人实施欺诈行为，使一方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为，对方知道或者应当知道该欺诈行为的，受欺诈方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。
Article 150 Where a party performs a civil juristic act against its true intention owing to duress of the other party or a third person, the coerced party has the right to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the civil juristic act.
第一百五十条 一方或者第三人以胁迫手段，使对方在违背真实意思的情况下实施的民事法律行为，受胁迫方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。
Article 151 In situations such as where one party takes advantage of the other party that is in a desperate situation or lacks the ability of making judgment, and as a result the civil juristic act thus performed is obviously unfair, the damaged party is entitled to request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to revoke the act.
第一百五十一条 一方利用对方处于危困状态、缺乏判断能力等情形，致使民事法律行为成立时显失公平的，受损害方有权请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以撤销。
Article 152 A party’s right to revoke a civil juristic act is extinguished under any of the following circumstances:
第一百五十二条 有下列情形之一的，撤销权消灭：
(1) the party has failed to exercise the right to revocation within one year from the date when it knows or should have known of the cause for revocation, or within 90 days from the date when the party who has performed the act with serious misunderstanding knows or should have known of the cause for revocation;
（一）当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内、重大误解的当事人自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起九十日内没有行使撤销权；
(2) the party acting under duress has failed to exercise the right to revocation within one year from the date when the duress ceases; or
（二）当事人受胁迫，自胁迫行为终止之日起一年内没有行使撤销权；
(3) the party who becomes aware of the cause for revocation waives the right to revocation expressly or through its own conduct.
（三）当事人知道撤销事由后明确表示或者以自己的行为表明放弃撤销权。
The right to revocation is extinguished if the party fails to exercise it within five years from the date when the civil juristic act has been performed.
当事人自民事法律行为发生之日起五年内没有行使撤销权的，撤销权消灭。
Article 153 A civil juristic act in violation of the mandatory provisions of laws or administrative regulations is void, unless such mandatory provisions do not lead to invalidity of such a civil juristic act.
第一百五十三条 违反法律、行政法规的强制性规定的民事法律行为无效。但是，该强制性规定不导致该民事法律行为无效的除外。
A civil juristic act that offends the public order or good morals is void.
违背公序良俗的民事法律行为无效。
Article 154 A civil juristic act is void if it is conducted through malicious collusion between a person who performs the act and a counterparty thereof and thus harms the lawful rights and interests of another person.
第一百五十四条 行为人与相对人恶意串通，损害他人合法权益的民事法律行为无效。
Article 155 A void or revoked civil juristic act does not have any legal force ab initio.
第一百五十五条 无效的或者被撤销的民事法律行为自始没有法律约束力。
Article 156 If invalidation of a part of a civil juristic act does not affect the validity of the other part, the other part of the act remains valid.
第一百五十六条 民事法律行为部分无效，不影响其他部分效力的，其他部分仍然有效。
Article 157 Where a civil juristic act is void, revoked, or is determined to have no legal effect, the property thus obtained by a person as a result of the act shall be returned, or compensation be made based on the appraised value of the property if it is impossible or unnecessary to return the property. Unless otherwise provided by law, the loss thus incurred upon the other party shall be compensated by the party at fault, or, if both parties are at fault, by the parties proportionally.
第一百五十七条 民事法律行为无效、被撤销或者确定不发生效力后，行为人因该行为取得的财产，应当予以返还；不能返还或者没有必要返还的，应当折价补偿。有过错的一方应当赔偿对方由此所受到的损失；各方都有过错的，应当各自承担相应的责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Section 4 A Civil Juristic Act Subject to a Condition or a Term
第四节 民事法律行为的附条件和附期限
Article 158 A condition may be attached to a civil juristic act unless the nature of the act denies such an attachment. A civil juristic act subject to a condition precedent becomes effective when the condition is fulfilled. A civil juristic act subject to a condition subsequent becomes invalid when the condition is fulfilled.
第一百五十八条 民事法律行为可以附条件，但是根据其性质不得附条件的除外。附生效条件的民事法律行为，自条件成就时生效。附解除条件的民事法律行为，自条件成就时失效。
Article 159 Where a condition is attached to a civil juristic act, if a party, for the sake of its own interests, improperly obstructs the fulfillment of the condition, the condition is deemed as having been fulfilled; if a party improperly facilitates the fulfillment of the condition, the condition is deemed as not having been fulfilled.
第一百五十九条 附条件的民事法律行为，当事人为自己的利益不正当地阻止条件成就的，视为条件已经成就；不正当地促成条件成就的，视为条件不成就。
Article 160 A term may be attached to a civil juristic act, unless the nature of such act denies such an attachment. A civil juristic act subject to a term of effectiveness becomes effective when the term begins. A civil juristic act subject to a term of termination becomes ineffective upon expiration of the term.
第一百六十条 民事法律行为可以附期限，但是根据其性质不得附期限的除外。附生效期限的民事法律行为，自期限届至时生效。附终止期限的民事法律行为，自期限届满时失效。
Chapter VII Agency
第七章 代理
Section 1 General Rules
第一节 一般规定
Article 161 A person of the civil law may perform a civil juristic act through his agent.
第一百六十一条 民事主体可以通过代理人实施民事法律行为。
A civil juristic act shall not be performed through an agent if the act must be performed by the principal himself in accordance with law, as agreed by the parties, or based on the nature of the act.
依照法律规定、当事人约定或者民事法律行为的性质，应当由本人亲自实施的民事法律行为，不得代理。
Article 162 A civil juristic act performed by an agent in the principal’s name within the scope of authority is binding on the principal.
第一百六十二条 代理人在代理权限内，以被代理人名义实施的民事法律行为，对被代理人发生效力。
Article 163 Agency consists of agency by agreement and agency by operation of law.
第一百六十三条 代理包括委托代理和法定代理。
An agent under agreement shall act in accordance with the principal’s authorization. An agent by operation of law shall act in accordance with law.
委托代理人按照被代理人的委托行使代理权。法定代理人依照法律的规定行使代理权。
Article 164 An agent who fails to perform or fully perform his duty and thus causes harm to the principal shall bear civil liability.
第一百六十四条 代理人不履行或者不完全履行职责，造成被代理人损害的，应当承担民事责任。
Where an agent maliciously collides with a third person, thus harming the lawful rights and interests of the principal, the agent and the third person shall bear joint and several liability.
代理人和相对人恶意串通，损害被代理人合法权益的，代理人和相对人应当承担连带责任。
Section 2 Agency by Agreement
第二节 委托代理
Article 165 In an agency by agreement, if authority is conferred in writing, it shall clearly state in the letter of authorization the name of the agent, the authorized matters, as well as the scope and duration of the authority, and it shall be signed or sealed by the principal.
第一百六十五条 委托代理授权采用书面形式的，授权委托书应当载明代理人的姓名或者名称、代理事项、权限和期限，并由被代理人签名或者盖章。
Article 166 Where two or more agents are authorized to deal with the same matter for the principal, the agents shall collectively exercise the authority unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第一百六十六条 数人为同一代理事项的代理人的，应当共同行使代理权，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 167 Where an agent knows or should have known that doing the authorized matter is in violation of law but still acts as authorized, or, if a principal knows or should have known that an act of the agent is in violation of law but raises no objection thereto, the principal and the agent shall bear joint and several liability.
第一百六十七条 代理人知道或者应当知道代理事项违法仍然实施代理行为，或者被代理人知道或者应当知道代理人的代理行为违法未作反对表示的，被代理人和代理人应当承担连带责任。
Article 168 An agent shall not, in the principal’s name, perform a civil juristic act with himself, unless it is consented to or ratified by the principal.
第一百六十八条 代理人不得以被代理人的名义与自己实施民事法律行为，但是被代理人同意或者追认的除外。
An agent who has been designated by two or more principals shall not in the name of one principal perform a civil juristic act with another principal whom he concurrently represents, unless it is consented to or ratified by both principals.
代理人不得以被代理人的名义与自己同时代理的其他人实施民事法律行为，但是被代理的双方同意或者追认的除外。
Article 169 Where an agent needs to re-delegate his authority to a third person, he shall obtain consent or ratification from the principal.
第一百六十九条 代理人需要转委托第三人代理的，应当取得被代理人的同意或者追认。
If the re-delegation of authority to a third person is consented to or ratified by the principal, the principal may directly instruct the third person to do the authorized task, and the agent shall be liable only for the selection of such a third person and the instructions given to the third person by the agent himself.
转委托代理经被代理人同意或者追认的，被代理人可以就代理事务直接指示转委托的第三人，代理人仅就第三人的选任以及对第三人的指示承担责任。
If re-delegation of authority to a third person is not consented to or ratified by the principal, the agent shall be liable for the acts performed by the third person, unless the agent re-delegates his authority to a third person in an emergency situation in order to protect the interests of the principal.
转委托代理未经被代理人同意或者追认的，代理人应当对转委托的第三人的行为承担责任；但是，在紧急情况下代理人为了维护被代理人的利益需要转委托第三人代理的除外。
Article 170 A civil juristic act performed by a person for fulfilling his responsibilities assigned by a legal person or an unincorporated organization, within the scope of authority and in the name of the legal person or the unincorporated organization, is binding on the legal person or unincorporated organization.
第一百七十条 执行法人或者非法人组织工作任务的人员，就其职权范围内的事项，以法人或者非法人组织的名义实施的民事法律行为，对法人或者非法人组织发生效力。
Restrictions imposed by a legal person or an unincorporated organization on the scope of authority of a person who performs the responsibilities assigned by the legal person or unincorporated organization are not effective against a bona fide third person.
法人或者非法人组织对执行其工作任务的人员职权范围的限制，不得对抗善意相对人。
Article 171 An act performed by a person without authority, beyond the authority, or after the authority is terminated is not effective against the principal who has not ratified it.
第一百七十一条 行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后，仍然实施代理行为，未经被代理人追认的，对被代理人不发生效力。
A counterparty may urge the principal to ratify such an act within 30 days after receipt of the notification. Inaction of the principal is deemed as a refusal of ratification. Before such an act is ratified, a bona fide counterparty has the right to revoke the act. Revocation shall be made by notice.
相对人可以催告被代理人自收到通知之日起三十日内予以追认。被代理人未作表示的，视为拒绝追认。行为人实施的行为被追认前，善意相对人有撤销的权利。撤销应当以通知的方式作出。
Where the aforementioned act is not ratified, a bona fide counterparty has the right to request the person who has performed the act to fulfill the obligations or compensate for the loss thus incurred, provided that the amount of compensation shall not exceed the amount of benefit the counterparty would have received had the principal ratified the act.
行为人实施的行为未被追认的，善意相对人有权请求行为人履行债务或者就其受到的损害请求行为人赔偿。但是，赔偿的范围不得超过被代理人追认时相对人所能获得的利益。
Where a counterparty knows or should have known that the person performing the act has no authority, the counterparty and the said person shall bear the liability in proportion to their fault.
相对人知道或者应当知道行为人无权代理的，相对人和行为人按照各自的过错承担责任。
Article 172 An act performed by a person without authority, beyond the authority, or after the authority is terminated is effective if the counterparty has reasons to believe that the said person has authority.
第一百七十二条 行为人没有代理权、超越代理权或者代理权终止后，仍然实施代理行为，相对人有理由相信行为人有代理权的，代理行为有效。
Section 3 Termination of Agency
第三节 代理终止
Article 173 An agency by agreement is terminated under any of the following circumstances:
第一百七十三条 有下列情形之一的，委托代理终止：
(1) the term of agency expires or the authorized tasks have been completed;
（一）代理期限届满或者代理事务完成；
(2) the principal revokes the agency or the agent resigns;
（二）被代理人取消委托或者代理人辞去委托；
(3) the agent loses his capacity for performing civil juristic acts;
（三）代理人丧失民事行为能力；
(4) the agent or the principal deceases; or
（四）代理人或者被代理人死亡；
(5) the legal person or unincorporated organization who is the agent or the principal is terminated.
（五）作为代理人或者被代理人的法人、非法人组织终止。
Article 174 An act performed by an agent under agreement after the principal deceases remains valid under any of the following circumstances:
第一百七十四条 被代理人死亡后，有下列情形之一的，委托代理人实施的代理行为有效：
(1) the agent does not know or should not have known of the death of the principal;
（一）代理人不知道且不应当知道被代理人死亡；
(2) the act is ratified by the heirs of the principal;
（二）被代理人的继承人予以承认；
(3) it is clearly stated in the letter of authorization that the agency ceases only upon completion of the authorized tasks; or
（三）授权中明确代理权在代理事务完成时终止；
(4) the agent has started the act before the principal deceases and continues to act in the interests of the heirs of the principal.
（四）被代理人死亡前已经实施，为了被代理人的继承人的利益继续代理。
The preceding paragraph shall be applied mutatis mutandis where the principal who is a legal person or an unincorporated organization is terminated.
作为被代理人的法人、非法人组织终止的，参照适用前款规定。
Article 175 An agency by operation of law is terminated under any of the following circumstances:
第一百七十五条 有下列情形之一的，法定代理终止：
(1) the principal obtains or regains full capacity for performing civil juristic acts;
（一）被代理人取得或者恢复完全民事行为能力；
(2) the agent loses the capacity for performing civil juristic acts;
（二）代理人丧失民事行为能力；
(3) the agent or the principal deceases; or
（三）代理人或者被代理人死亡；
(4) any other circumstance as provided by law exists.
（四）法律规定的其他情形。
Chapter VIII Civil Liability
第八章 民事责任
Article 176 The persons of the civil law shall perform civil-law obligations and bear civil liability in accordance with law or the agreement of the parties.
第一百七十六条 民事主体依照法律规定或者按照当事人约定，履行民事义务，承担民事责任。
Article 177 Where two or more persons assume shared liability in accordance with law, each person shall bear the liability in proportion to their respective share of fault if such share can be determined, or in equal share if such share cannot be determined.
第一百七十七条 二人以上依法承担按份责任，能够确定责任大小的，各自承担相应的责任；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担责任。
Article 178 Where two or more persons assume joint and several liability in accordance with law, the right holder has the right to request some or all of them to bear the liability.
第一百七十八条 二人以上依法承担连带责任的，权利人有权请求部分或者全部连带责任人承担责任。
The persons subjected to joint and several liability shall each bear the liability in proportion to their respective share of fault, or in equal share if such share cannot be determined. A person who has assumed the liability more than his share of fault has the right to contribution against the other person(s) subjected to the joint and several liability.
连带责任人的责任份额根据各自责任大小确定；难以确定责任大小的，平均承担责任。实际承担责任超过自己责任份额的连带责任人，有权向其他连带责任人追偿。
Joint and several liability shall be either imposed by law or stipulated in the agreement of the parties.
连带责任，由法律规定或者当事人约定。
Article 179 The main forms of civil liability include:
第一百七十九条 承担民事责任的方式主要有：
(1) cessation of the infringement;
（一）停止侵害；
(2) removal of the nuisance;
（二）排除妨碍；
(3) elimination of the danger;
（三）消除危险；
(4) restitution;
（四）返还财产；
(5) restoration;
（五）恢复原状；
(6) repair, redoing or replacement;
（六）修理、重作、更换；
(7) continuance of performance;
（七）继续履行；
(8) compensation for losses;
（八）赔偿损失；
(9) payment of liquidated damages;
（九）支付违约金；
(10) elimination of adverse effects and rehabilitation of reputation; and
（十）消除影响、恢复名誉；
(11) extension of apologies.
（十一）赔礼道歉。
Where punitive damages are provided by law, such provisions shall be followed.
法律规定惩罚性赔偿的，依照其规定。
The forms of civil liability provided in this Article may be applied separately or concurrently.
本条规定的承担民事责任的方式，可以单独适用，也可以合并适用。
Article 180 A person who is unable to perform his civil-law obligations due to force majeure bears no civil liability, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一百八十条 因不可抗力不能履行民事义务的，不承担民事责任。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
“Force majeure” means objective conditions which are unforeseeable, unavoidable, and insurmountable.
不可抗力是不能预见、不能避免且不能克服的客观情况。
Article 181 A person who causes harm to the tortfeasor out of a justifiable defense bears no civil liability.
第一百八十一条 因正当防卫造成损害的，不承担民事责任。
A person who, when acting out of justifiable defense, exceeds the necessary limit and thus causes undue harm to the tortfeasor shall bear appropriate civil liability.
正当防卫超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，正当防卫人应当承担适当的民事责任。
Article 182 Where a person, when seeking to avoid a peril in response to an emergency, causes harm to others, the person who creates the peril shall bear civil liability.
第一百八十二条 因紧急避险造成损害的，由引起险情发生的人承担民事责任。
Where the peril is caused by natural forces, the person who causes harm to others by seeking to avoid the peril bears no civil liability, provided that he may make appropriate compensation.
危险由自然原因引起的，紧急避险人不承担民事责任，可以给予适当补偿。
Where the measures adopted by a person seeking to avoid a peril in response to an emergency are improper or exceed the necessary limit and thus cause undue harm to others, the person shall bear appropriate civil liability.
紧急避险采取措施不当或者超过必要的限度，造成不应有的损害的，紧急避险人应当承担适当的民事责任。
Article 183 Where a party is injured for protecting the civil-law rights and interests of another person, the tortfeasor shall bear civil liability, and the beneficiary may make appropriate compensation to the injured person. In the absence of a tortfeasor, or if the tortfeasor flees or is incapable of assuming civil liability, upon request of the injured person, the beneficiary shall make appropriate compensation.
第一百八十三条 因保护他人民事权益使自己受到损害的，由侵权人承担民事责任，受益人可以给予适当补偿。没有侵权人、侵权人逃逸或者无力承担民事责任，受害人请求补偿的，受益人应当给予适当补偿。
Article 184 A person who voluntarily engages in rescuing another person in an emergency situation and thus causes harm to the latter person bears no civil liability.
第一百八十四条 因自愿实施紧急救助行为造成受助人损害的，救助人不承担民事责任。
Article 185 A person who infringes upon the name, likeness, reputation, or honor of a hero or a martyr and thus harms the social public interests shall bear civil liability.
第一百八十五条 侵害英雄烈士等的姓名、肖像、名誉、荣誉，损害社会公共利益的，应当承担民事责任。
Article 186 Where a party’s breach of contract causes harm to the other party’s personal or proprietary rights and interests, the latter party may elect to request the former to bear liability either for breach of contract or for commission of tort.
第一百八十六条 因当事人一方的违约行为，损害对方人身权益、财产权益的，受损害方有权选择请求其承担违约责任或者侵权责任。
Article 187 Where a person of the civil law has to concurrently bear civil, administrative, and criminal liabilities as a result of the same act performed by him, the assumption of administrative or criminal liabilities by the person shall not affect the civil liability he should bear. If the assets of the person are insufficient to pay for all the liabilities, the civil liability shall be paid first.
第一百八十七条 民事主体因同一行为应当承担民事责任、行政责任和刑事责任的，承担行政责任或者刑事责任不影响承担民事责任；民事主体的财产不足以支付的，优先用于承担民事责任。
Chapter IX Limitation of Action
第九章 诉讼时效
Article 188 The limitation period for a person to request the people’s court to protect his civil-law rights is three years, unless otherwise provided by law.
第一百八十八条 向人民法院请求保护民事权利的诉讼时效期间为三年。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Unless otherwise provided by law, the limitation period begins from the date when the right holder knows or should have known that his right has been harmed and that who is the obligor. However, no protection to a right is to be granted by the people’s court if 20 years have lapsed since the date when the injury occurs, except that the people’s court may, upon request of the right holder, extend the limitation period under special circumstances.
诉讼时效期间自权利人知道或者应当知道权利受到损害以及义务人之日起计算。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。但是，自权利受到损害之日起超过二十年的，人民法院不予保护，有特殊情况的，人民法院可以根据权利人的申请决定延长。
Article 189 Where the parties agree on payment of a debt by installment, the limitation period begins from the date when the last installment is due.
第一百八十九条 当事人约定同一债务分期履行的，诉讼时效期间自最后一期履行期限届满之日起计算。
Article 190 The limitation period for a person with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts to bring a claim against his legal representative begins from the date when the agency by operation of law is terminated.
第一百九十条 无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人对其法定代理人的请求权的诉讼时效期间，自该法定代理终止之日起计算。
Article 191 The limitation period for a minor to bring a sexual molestation claim against the offender begins from the date when the minor reaches the age of 18.
第一百九十一条 未成年人遭受性侵害的损害赔偿请求权的诉讼时效期间，自受害人年满十八周岁之日起计算。
Article 192 Expiration of the limitation period may be used by an obligor as a defense against a claim of non-performance.
第一百九十二条 诉讼时效期间届满的，义务人可以提出不履行义务的抗辩。
An obligor who agrees to perform a prior obligation after the limitation period expires may not later on use the expiration of the limitation period as a defense, and an obligor who has voluntarily performed such a prior obligation may not later on demand for restitution.
诉讼时效期间届满后，义务人同意履行的，不得以诉讼时效期间届满为由抗辩；义务人已经自愿履行的，不得请求返还。
Article 193 The people’s court shall not apply the provisions on limitation periods on its own initiative.
第一百九十三条 人民法院不得主动适用诉讼时效的规定。
Article 194 The limitation period is suspended if, within the last six months of the limitation period, a right holder is unable to exercise the right to claim owing to the existence of one of the following obstacles:
第一百九十四条 在诉讼时效期间的最后六个月内，因下列障碍，不能行使请求权的，诉讼时效中止：
(1) where there is force majeure;
（一）不可抗力；
(2) where the right holder with no or limited capacity for performing civil juristic acts has no legal representative, or his legal representative deceases or loses the capacity for performing civil juristic acts or the right to representation;
（二）无民事行为能力人或者限制民事行为能力人没有法定代理人，或者法定代理人死亡、丧失民事行为能力、丧失代理权；
(3) where no heir or administrator of estate has been determined after the opening of succession;
（三）继承开始后未确定继承人或者遗产管理人；
(4) where the right holder is controlled by the obligor or another person; or
（四）权利人被义务人或者其他人控制；
(5) where there are other obstacles that cause the right holder unable to exercise the right to claim.
（五）其他导致权利人不能行使请求权的障碍。
The limitation period shall expire six months after the date when the cause for suspension is removed.
自中止时效的原因消除之日起满六个月，诉讼时效期间届满。
Article 195 A limitation period is interrupted under any of the following circumstances, and the limitation period shall run anew from the time of interruption or the time when the relevant proceeding is completed:
第一百九十五条 有下列情形之一的，诉讼时效中断，从中断、有关程序终结时起，诉讼时效期间重新计算：
(1) the right holder requests the obligor to perform the obligation;
（一）权利人向义务人提出履行请求；
(2) the obligor agrees to perform the obligation;
（二）义务人同意履行义务；
(3) the right holder initiates a lawsuit or arbitration proceeding against the obligor; or
（三）权利人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁；
(4) there exists any other circumstance that has the same effect as initiating a lawsuit or arbitration proceeding by the right holder.
（四）与提起诉讼或者申请仲裁具有同等效力的其他情形。
Article 196 The limitation period does not apply to the following rights to claim:
第一百九十六条 下列请求权不适用诉讼时效的规定：
(1) a claim for cessation of the infringement, removal of the nuisance, or elimination of the danger;
（一）请求停止侵害、排除妨碍、消除危险；
(2) a claim for return of property of a person who has a real right in an immovable or a registered movable property;
（二）不动产物权和登记的动产物权的权利人请求返还财产；
(3) a claim for payment of child support or support for other family members; or
（三）请求支付抚养费、赡养费或者扶养费；
(4) any other claims to which the limitation period is not applicable in accordance with law.
（四）依法不适用诉讼时效的其他请求权。
Article 197 The time period, counting methods, and the grounds for suspension and interruption of the limitation period are provided by law, and any arrangement otherwise agreed by the parties is void.
第一百九十七条 诉讼时效的期间、计算方法以及中止、中断的事由由法律规定，当事人约定无效。
An anticipatory waiver of one’s interests in the limitation period made by the parties is void.
当事人对诉讼时效利益的预先放弃无效。
Article 198 Any provisions of law regulating the limitation period for arbitration shall be followed; in the absence of such provisions, the provisions on limitation period for litigation provided herein shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第一百九十八条 法律对仲裁时效有规定的，依照其规定；没有规定的，适用诉讼时效的规定。
Article 199 The time period within which a right holder may exercise certain rights, such as the right to revocation and the right to rescission, which are provided by law or agreed by the parties shall begin, unless otherwise provided by law, from the date when the right holder knows or should have known that he has such a right, and the provisions on the suspension, interruption, or extension of the limitation period shall not be applicable. Upon expiration of the time period, the right to revocation, the right to rescission, and the like rights are extinguished.
第一百九十九条 法律规定或者当事人约定的撤销权、解除权等权利的存续期间，除法律另有规定外，自权利人知道或者应当知道权利产生之日起计算，不适用有关诉讼时效中止、中断和延长的规定。存续期间届满，撤销权、解除权等权利消灭。
Chapter X Counting of Periods of Time
第十章 期间计算
Article 200 Time periods referred to in the civil law are counted by year, month, day, and hour according to the Gregorian calendar.
第二百条 民法所称的期间按照公历年、月、日、小时计算。
Article 201 Where a time period is counted by year, month, and day, the day on which the time period begins shall not be counted in and the period runs from the following day.
第二百零一条 按照年、月、日计算期间的，开始的当日不计入，自下一日开始计算。
Where a time period is counted by hour, the period begins to run from the hour as provided by law or agreed by the parties.
按照小时计算期间的，自法律规定或者当事人约定的时间开始计算。
Article 202 Where a time period is counted by year and month, the corresponding date of the due month is the last day of the time period; in the absence of such a corresponding date, the last day of that month is the last day of the time period.
第二百零二条 按照年、月计算期间的，到期月的对应日为期间的最后一日；没有对应日的，月末日为期间的最后一日。
Article 203 Where the last day of a time period falls on a legal holiday, the day after the holiday is deemed as the last day of the period.
第二百零三条 期间的最后一日是法定休假日的，以法定休假日结束的次日为期间的最后一日。
The last day shall end at 24:00 hours; where a business hour is applied, the last day shall end at the time the business is closed.
期间的最后一日的截止时间为二十四时；有业务时间的，停止业务活动的时间为截止时间。
Article 204 The counting of a time period shall be governed by the provisions of this Code, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第二百零四条 期间的计算方法依照本法的规定，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。