Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China
中华人民共和国民法典
(Adopted at the Third Session of the Thirteenth National People’s Congress on May 28, 2020)
（2020年5月28日第十三届全国人民代表大会第三次会议通过）
Book Three Contracts
第三编 合同
Part One General Provisions
第一分编 通则
Chapter I General Rules
第一章 一般规定
Article 463 This Book regulates the civil-law relations arising from contracts.
第四百六十三条 本编调整因合同产生的民事关系。
Article 464 A contract is an agreement on the establishment, modification, or termination of a civil juristic relationship between persons of the civil law.
第四百六十四条 合同是民事主体之间设立、变更、终止民事法律关系的协议。
An agreement on establishing a marriage, adoption, guardianship, or the like personal relationships shall be governed by the provisions of laws providing for such personal relationships; in the absence of such provisions, the provisions of this Book may be applied mutatis mutandis according to the nature of such agreements.
婚姻、收养、监护等有关身份关系的协议，适用有关该身份关系的法律规定；没有规定的，可以根据其性质参照适用本编规定。
Article 465 A contract formed in accordance with law is protected by law.
第四百六十五条 依法成立的合同，受法律保护。
A contract formed in accordance with law is legally binding only on the parties thereto, unless otherwise provided by law.
依法成立的合同，仅对当事人具有法律约束力，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Article 466 Where the parties have a dispute on the understanding of a contract clause, the meaning of the disputed clause shall be determined according to the provisions in the first paragraph of Article 142 of this Code.
第四百六十六条 当事人对合同条款的理解有争议的，应当依据本法第一百四十二条第一款的规定，确定争议条款的含义。
Where a contract is made in two or more languages which are agreed to be equally authentic, the words and sentences used in each text shall be presumed to have the same meaning. Where the words and sentences used in each text are inconsistent, interpretation thereof shall be made in accordance with the related clauses, nature, and purpose of the contract, and the principle of good faith, and the like.
合同文本采用两种以上文字订立并约定具有同等效力的，对各文本使用的词句推定具有相同含义。各文本使用的词句不一致的，应当根据合同的相关条款、性质、目的以及诚信原则等予以解释。
Article 467 For a contract not explicitly provided in this Code or other laws, the General Provisions of this Book shall be applied, and the provisions provided in this Book and other laws on a contract which is most similar to the said contact may be applied mutatis mutandis.
第四百六十七条 本法或者其他法律没有明文规定的合同，适用本编通则的规定，并可以参照适用本编或者其他法律最相类似合同的规定。
The laws of the People's Republic of China shall apply to the contracts of Sino-foreign equity joint venture, contracts of Sino-foreign contractual joint venture, or contracts of Sino-foreign cooperation in the exploration and exploitation of natural resources that to be performed within the territory of the People's Republic of China.
在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同，适用中华人民共和国法律。
Article 468 For a creditor-debtor relation not arising from a contract, the provisions of laws relating to such relations shall be applied; in the absence of such provisions, the relevant provisions of the General Provisions of this Book shall be applied, unless they shall not be applied based on the nature of the creditor-debtor relation.
第四百六十八条 非因合同产生的债权债务关系，适用有关该债权债务关系的法律规定；没有规定的，适用本编通则的有关规定，但是根据其性质不能适用的除外。
Chapter II Conclusion of Contracts
第二章 合同的订立
Article 469 The parties may conclude a contract in writing, orally, or in other forms. A writing refers to any form that renders the content contained therein capable of being represented in a tangible form, such as a written agreement, letter, telegram, telex, or facsimile.
第四百六十九条 当事人订立合同，可以采用书面形式、口头形式或者其他形式。书面形式是合同书、信件、电报、电传、传真等可以有形地表现所载内容的形式。
A data message in any form, such as electronic data interchange and e-mails, that renders the content contained therein capable of being represented in a tangible form and accessible for reference and use at any time shall be deemed as a writing.
以电子数据交换、电子邮件等方式能够有形地表现所载内容，并可以随时调取查用的数据电文，视为书面形式。
Article 470 The content of a contract shall be agreed by the parties and generally includes the following clauses:
第四百七十条 合同的内容由当事人约定，一般包括下列条款：
(1) name or designation and domicile of each party;
（一）当事人的姓名或者名称和住所；
(2) objects;
（二）标的；
(3) quantity;
（三）数量；
(4) quality;
（四）质量；
(5) price or remuneration;
（五）价款或者报酬；
(6) time period, place, and manner of performance;
（六）履行期限、地点和方式；
(7) default liability; and
（七）违约责任；
(8) dispute resolution.
（八）解决争议的方法。
The parties may conclude a contract with reference to the various types of model contracts.
当事人可以参照各类合同的示范文本订立合同。
Article 471 The parties may conclude a contract by making an offer and acceptance or other means.
第四百七十一条 当事人订立合同，可以采取要约、承诺方式或者其他方式。
Article 472 An offer is an expression of intent to conclude a contract with another person, and the expression of intent shall conform to the following conditions:
第四百七十二条 要约是希望与他人订立合同的意思表示，该意思表示应当符合下列条件：
(1) the content shall be specific and definite; and
（一）内容具体确定；
(2) it is indicated therein that the offeror is to be bound by his expression of intent upon acceptance thereof by an offeree.
（二）表明经受要约人承诺，要约人即受该意思表示约束。
Article 473 An invitation to offer is a manifestation that a person expects another person to make an offer to him. Auction announcements, bidding announcements, stock prospectuses, bond prospectuses, fund prospectuses, commercial advertisements and promotions, and mailed price catalogs, and the like, are invitations to offer.
第四百七十三条 要约邀请是希望他人向自己发出要约的表示。拍卖公告、招标公告、招股说明书、债券募集办法、基金招募说明书、商业广告和宣传、寄送的价目表等为要约邀请。
A commercial advertisement and promotion shall constitute an offer if its content conforms to the conditions for an offer.
商业广告和宣传的内容符合要约条件的，构成要约。
Article 474 The time when an offer becomes effective shall be governed by the provisions of Article 137 of this Code.
第四百七十四条 要约生效的时间适用本法第一百三十七条的规定。
Article 475 An offer may be withdrawn. The withdrawal of an offer shall be governed by the provisions of Article 141 of this Code.
第四百七十五条 要约可以撤回。要约的撤回适用本法第一百四十一条的规定。
Article 476 An offer may be revoked, unless under any of the following circumstances:
第四百七十六条 要约可以撤销，但是有下列情形之一的除外：
(1) the offeror has explicitly indicated that the offer is irrevocable by specifying a time limit for acceptance or in any other manner; or
（一）要约人以确定承诺期限或者其他形式明示要约不可撤销；
(2) the offeree has reasons to believe that the offer is irrevocable and the offeree has made reasonable preparations to perform the contract.
（二）受要约人有理由认为要约是不可撤销的，并已经为履行合同做了合理准备工作。
Article 477 Where an expression of intent to revoke an offer is made in a real-time communication, the content of such expression of intent shall be known to the offeree before the offeree makes an acceptance; where an expression of intent to revoke an offer is not made in a real-time communication, it shall reach the offeree before the offeree makes an acceptance.
第四百七十七条 撤销要约的意思表示以对话方式作出的，该意思表示的内容应当在受要约人作出承诺之前为受要约人所知道；撤销要约的意思表示以非对话方式作出的，应当在受要约人作出承诺之前到达受要约人。
Article 478 An offer becomes invalid under any of the following circumstances:
第四百七十八条 有下列情形之一的，要约失效：
(1) the offer is rejected;
（一）要约被拒绝；
(2) the offer is revoked in accordance with law;
（二）要约被依法撤销；
(3) the offeree makes no acceptance prior to expiration of the time limit for acceptance; or
（三）承诺期限届满，受要约人未作出承诺；
(4) the offeree materially alters the content of the offer.
（四）受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更。
Article 479 An acceptance is an expression of intent of the offeree to accept an offer.
第四百七十九条 承诺是受要约人同意要约的意思表示。
Article 480 An acceptance shall be made by means of notice, except that an acceptance may be made by performing an act according to the parties’ course of dealing or as indicated in the offer.
第四百八十条 承诺应当以通知的方式作出；但是，根据交易习惯或者要约表明可以通过行为作出承诺的除外。
Article 481 An acceptance shall reach the offeror within the time limit specified in the offer.
第四百八十一条 承诺应当在要约确定的期限内到达要约人。
Where no time limit for acceptance is specified in the offer, an acceptance shall reach the offeror in accordance with the following provisions:
要约没有确定承诺期限的，承诺应当依照下列规定到达：
(1) where an offer is made in a real-time communication, acceptance shall be made promptly; or
（一）要约以对话方式作出的，应当即时作出承诺；
(2) where an offer is not made in a real-time communication, the acceptance notice shall reach the offeror within a reasonable period of time.
（二）要约以非对话方式作出的，承诺应当在合理期限内到达。
Article 482 Where an offer is made through a letter or a telegram, the time limit for acceptance shall be counted from the date shown on the letter or the date the telegram is handed in for dispatch or, if no such a date is shown on the letter, from the mailing date shown by the postmark of the letter. Where an offer is made by means of instantaneous communications such as telephone calls, facsimiles, or e-mails, the time limit for acceptance shall be counted from the moment the offer reaches the offeree.
第四百八十二条 要约以信件或者电报作出的，承诺期限自信件载明的日期或者电报交发之日开始计算。信件未载明日期的，自投寄该信件的邮戳日期开始计算。要约以电话、传真、电子邮件等快速通讯方式作出的，承诺期限自要约到达受要约人时开始计算。
Article 483 A contract is formed at the time when an acceptance becomes effective, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第四百八十三条 承诺生效时合同成立，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 484 Where an acceptance is made by means of notice, the time when the acceptance becomes effective shall be governed by the provisions of Article 137 of this Code.
第四百八十四条 以通知方式作出的承诺，生效的时间适用本法第一百三十七条的规定。
Where an acceptance notice is not required, the acceptance becomes effective when an act of acceptance is performed according to the parties’ course of dealing or as indicated by the offer.
承诺不需要通知的，根据交易习惯或者要约的要求作出承诺的行为时生效。
Article 485 An acceptance may be withdrawn. The provisions of Article 141 of this Code shall apply to the withdrawal of an acceptance.
第四百八十五条 承诺可以撤回。承诺的撤回适用本法第一百四十一条的规定。
Article 486 Where an offeree makes an acceptance beyond the time limit for acceptance, or where the acceptance is made within the time limit for acceptance but it cannot reach the offeror in time under normal circumstances, such an acceptance constitutes a new offer unless the offeror timely notifies the offeree that the acceptance is effective.
第四百八十六条 受要约人超过承诺期限发出承诺，或者在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形不能及时到达要约人的，为新要约；但是，要约人及时通知受要约人该承诺有效的除外。
Article 487 Where an offeree makes an acceptance notice within the time limit for acceptance, if the notice would have reached the offeror in time under normal circumstances but reaches the offeror beyond the time limit for other reasons, the acceptance shall be effective unless the offeror timely notifies the offeree that the acceptance is not accepted as it exceeds the time limit for acceptance.
第四百八十七条 受要约人在承诺期限内发出承诺，按照通常情形能够及时到达要约人，但是因其他原因致使承诺到达要约人时超过承诺期限的，除要约人及时通知受要约人因承诺超过期限不接受该承诺外，该承诺有效。
Article 488 The content of an acceptance shall be consistent with the content of the offer. Where the offeree proposes in the acceptance any material alteration to the content of the offer, it shall constitute a new offer. An alteration concerning the object of the contract, the quantity, quality, price or remuneration, time period of performance, place and manner of performance, default liability, the methods of dispute resolution, or the like is a material alteration to the content of an offer.
第四百八十八条 承诺的内容应当与要约的内容一致。受要约人对要约的内容作出实质性变更的，为新要约。有关合同标的、数量、质量、价款或者报酬、履行期限、履行地点和方式、违约责任和解决争议方法等的变更，是对要约内容的实质性变更。
Article 489 Where an acceptance makes a non-material alteration to the offer, the acceptance shall be effective and the content of the contract shall be as altered by the acceptance, unless the offeror objects in time, or the offer indicates that an acceptance may not make any alteration to the content of the offer.
第四百八十九条 承诺对要约的内容作出非实质性变更的，除要约人及时表示反对或者要约表明承诺不得对要约的内容作出任何变更外，该承诺有效，合同的内容以承诺的内容为准。
Article 490 Where the parties conclude a contract in the form of a written agreement, the contract is formed at the time when the parties all sign, stamp, or put their fingerprints on the memorandum. Prior to signing, stamping, or putting their fingerprints thereon, where one of the parties has already performed the principal obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed at the time of such acceptance.
第四百九十条 当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，自当事人均签名、盖章或者按指印时合同成立。在签名、盖章或者按指印之前，当事人一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受时，该合同成立。
Where a contract is required to be concluded in writing in accordance with laws or administrative regulations or agreed by the parties and the parties fail to make the contract in writing, if one of the parties has already performed the principal obligation and the other party has accepted the performance, the contract is formed at the time of such acceptance.
法律、行政法规规定或者当事人约定合同应当采用书面形式订立，当事人未采用书面形式但是一方已经履行主要义务，对方接受时，该合同成立。
Article 491 Where the parties conclude a contract in the form of a letter, data message, or the like, and a confirmation letter is required to be signed, the contract is formed when the confirmation letter is signed.
第四百九十一条 当事人采用信件、数据电文等形式订立合同要求签订确认书的，签订确认书时合同成立。
Where the information about goods or services published by a party via information network, such as internet, conforms to the conditions for an offer, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, a contract is formed at the time when the other party chooses such product or service and successfully submits the order.
当事人一方通过互联网等信息网络发布的商品或者服务信息符合要约条件的，对方选择该商品或者服务并提交订单成功时合同成立，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 492 The place where an acceptance becomes effective is the place where the contract is formed.
第四百九十二条 承诺生效的地点为合同成立的地点。
Where a contract is concluded in the form of data message, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the recipient’s principal place of business is the place where the contract is formed; in the absence of a principal place of business, the recipient’s domicile is the place where the contract is formed.
采用数据电文形式订立合同的，收件人的主营业地为合同成立的地点；没有主营业地的，其住所地为合同成立的地点。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。
Article 493 Where the parties conclude a contract in the form of a memorandum of contract, unless otherwise agreed by them, the place where the contract is finally signed, stemped, or fingerprinted is the place where the contract is formed.
第四百九十三条 当事人采用合同书形式订立合同的，最后签名、盖章或者按指印的地点为合同成立的地点，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 494 Where the State issues a State purchase order or a mandatory assignment in accordance with the needs such as emergency and disaster relief, pandemic prevention and control, or the like, the persons of the civil law concerned shall conclude a contract in accordance with the rights and obligations provided by the relevant laws and administrative regulations.
第四百九十四条 国家根据抢险救灾、疫情防控或者其他需要下达国家订货任务、指令性任务的，有关民事主体之间应当依照有关法律、行政法规规定的权利和义务订立合同。
The party that has an obligation to make an offer in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations shall make a reasonable offer in a timely manner.
依照法律、行政法规的规定负有发出要约义务的当事人，应当及时发出合理的要约。
The party that has an obligation to make an acceptance in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations shall not reject the reasonable request of the other party to conclude a contract.
依照法律、行政法规的规定负有作出承诺义务的当事人，不得拒绝对方合理的订立合同要求。
Article 495 A letter of subscription, letter of order, and letter of reservation, and the like, in which the parties agree to conclude a contract within a certain period of time in the future, constitutes a preliminary contract.
第四百九十五条 当事人约定在将来一定期限内订立合同的认购书、订购书、预订书等，构成预约合同。
Where one of the parties fails to perform the obligation to conclude a contract agreed in the preliminary contract, the other party may request such party to bear the liability for breach of the preliminary contract.
当事人一方不履行预约合同约定的订立合同义务的，对方可以请求其承担预约合同的违约责任。
Article 496 A standard clause refers to a clause formulated in advance by a party for the purpose of repeated use which has not been negotiated with the other party when concluding the contract.
第四百九十六条 格式条款是当事人为了重复使用而预先拟定，并在订立合同时未与对方协商的条款。
Upon concluding a contract, where a standard clause is used, the party providing the standard clause shall determine the parties’ rights and obligations in accordance with the principle of fairness, and shall, in a reasonable manner, call the other party's attention to the clause concerning the other party’s major interests and concerns, such as a clause that exempts or alleviates the liability of the party providing the standard clause, and give explanations of such clause upon request of the other party. Where the party providing the standard clause fails to perform the aforementioned obligation of calling attention or giving explanations, thus resulting in the other party’s failure to pay attention to or understand the clause concerning his major interests and concerns, the other party may claim that such clause does not become part of the contract.
采用格式条款订立合同的，提供格式条款的一方应当遵循公平原则确定当事人之间的权利和义务，并采取合理的方式提示对方注意免除或者减轻其责任等与对方有重大利害关系的条款，按照对方的要求，对该条款予以说明。提供格式条款的一方未履行提示或者说明义务，致使对方没有注意或者理解与其有重大利害关系的条款的，对方可以主张该条款不成为合同的内容。
Article 497 A standard clause is void under any of the following circumstances:
第四百九十七条 有下列情形之一的，该格式条款无效：
(1) existence of a circumstance under which the clause is void as provided in Section 3 of Chapter VI of Book One and Article 506 of this Code;
（一）具有本法第一编第六章第三节和本法第五百零六条规定的无效情形；
(2) the party providing the standard clause unreasonably exempts or alleviates himself from the liability, imposes heavier liability on the other party, or restricts the main rights of the other party; or
（二）提供格式条款一方不合理地免除或者减轻其责任、加重对方责任、限制对方主要权利；
(3) the party providing the standard clause deprives the other party of his main rights.
（三）提供格式条款一方排除对方主要权利。
Article 498 Where a dispute arises over the understanding of a standard clause, the clause shall be interpreted in accordance with its common understanding.
第四百九十八条 对格式条款的理解发生争议的，应当按照通常理解予以解释。
Where there are two or more interpretations of a standard clause, the clause shall be interpreted in a manner unfavorable to the party providing the standard clause. Where a standard clause is inconsistent with a non-standard clause, the non-standard clause shall prevail.
对格式条款有两种以上解释的，应当作出不利于提供格式条款一方的解释。格式条款和非格式条款不一致的，应当采用非格式条款。
Article 499 Where a rewarder through making a public announcement promises to pay a reward to anyone who has completed a particular act, the person who has completed the act may request the rewarder to pay.
第四百九十九条 悬赏人以公开方式声明对完成特定行为的人支付报酬的，完成该行为的人可以请求其支付。
Article 500 During the course of concluding a contract, the party that falls under any of the following circumstances and causes loss to the other party shall bear the liability for compensation:
第五百条 当事人在订立合同过程中有下列情形之一，造成对方损失的，应当承担赔偿责任：
(1) under the guise of concluding a contract, engaging in consultation with malicious intention;
（一）假借订立合同，恶意进行磋商；
(2) intentionally concealing material facts or providing false information concerning the conclusion of the contract; or
（二）故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或者提供虚假情况；
(3) conducting any other acts contrary to the principle of good faith.
（三）有其他违背诚信原则的行为。
Article 501 The parties shall not disclose or improperly use the trade secrets or other confidential information that are obtained in the course of concluding a contract, regardless of whether the contract is formed or not. The party that discloses or improperly uses such trade secrets or information and thus causes losses to the other party shall bear the liability for compensation.
第五百零一条 当事人在订立合同过程中知悉的商业秘密或者其他应当保密的信息，无论合同是否成立，不得泄露或者不正当地使用；泄露、不正当地使用该商业秘密或者信息，造成对方损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Chapter III Effect of Contracts
第三章 合同的效力
Article 502 A contract formed in accordance with law becomes effective upon its formation, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第五百零二条 依法成立的合同，自成立时生效，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing that a contract shall be subject to the approval and other procedures, such provisions shall be followed. Where failure to complete the approval or other procedures is to affect the validity of the contract, the validity of the clauses concerning the performance of an obligation of filing for approval, and the like, and the other relevant clauses in the contract shall not be affected. Where the party obligated to complete application for approval or other procedures fails to do so, the other party may request the former party to bear the liability for breach of such obligation.
依照法律、行政法规的规定，合同应当办理批准等手续的，依照其规定。未办理批准等手续影响合同生效的，不影响合同中履行报批等义务条款以及相关条款的效力。应当办理申请批准等手续的当事人未履行义务的，对方可以请求其承担违反该义务的责任。
Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing that modification, assignment, or rescission of a contract shall be subject to approval or other procedures, such provisions shall be followed.
依照法律、行政法规的规定，合同的变更、转让、解除等情形应当办理批准等手续的，适用前款规定。
Article 503 Where a person without authority concludes a contract in the name of a principal, and if the principal has already started performing the contractual obligations or accepted the performance of the other party, the contract is deemed ratified.
第五百零三条 无权代理人以被代理人的名义订立合同，被代理人已经开始履行合同义务或者接受相对人履行的，视为对合同的追认。
Article 504 Where the legal representative of a legal person or the responsible person of an unincorporated organization concludes a contract ultra vires, such an act is effective and the contract is binding on the legal person or the unincorporated organization unless the other party knows or should have known that the legal representative or the responsible person acts ultra vires.
第五百零四条 法人的法定代表人或者非法人组织的负责人超越权限订立的合同，除相对人知道或者应当知道其超越权限外，该代表行为有效，订立的合同对法人或者非法人组织发生效力。
Article 505 Where the parties conclude a contract beyond their scope of business, the validity of the contract shall be determined according to the provisions in Section 3 of Chapter VI of Book One of this Code and this Book, and the contract shall not be determined as invalid solely on the ground that it is beyond their scope of business.
第五百零五条 当事人超越经营范围订立的合同的效力，应当依照本法第一编第六章第三节和本编的有关规定确定，不得仅以超越经营范围确认合同无效。
Article 506 An exculpatory clause in a contract exempting the liability on the following acts are void:
第五百零六条 合同中的下列免责条款无效：
(1) causing physical injury to the other party; or
（一）造成对方人身损害的；
(2) causing losses to the other party’s property intentionally or due to gross negligence.
（二）因故意或者重大过失造成对方财产损失的。
Article 507 Where a contract does not take effect, or is void, revoked, or terminated, the validity of a clause concerning dispute resolution shall not be affected.
第五百零七条 合同不生效、无效、被撤销或者终止的，不影响合同中有关解决争议方法的条款的效力。
Article 508 The validity of a contract which is not covered by the provisions in this Book shall be governed by the relevant provisions in Chapter VI of Book One of this Code.
第五百零八条 本编对合同的效力没有规定的，适用本法第一编第六章的有关规定。
Chapter IV Performance of Contracts
第四章 合同的履行
Article 509 The parties shall fully perform their respective obligations as contracted.
第五百零九条 当事人应当按照约定全面履行自己的义务。
The parties shall comply with the principle of good faith, and perform such obligations as sending notices, rendering assistances, and keeping confidentiality in accordance with the nature and purpose of the contract and the course of dealing .
当事人应当遵循诚信原则，根据合同的性质、目的和交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。
The parties shall avoid wasting the resources, polluting the environment, or damaging the ecology in the course of performance of the contract.
当事人在履行合同过程中，应当避免浪费资源、污染环境和破坏生态。
Article 510 Where the parties have not agreed on such content as the quality, price or remuneration, or the place of performance, and the like, or the agreement is unclear, after the contract becomes effective, the parties may make a supplementary agreement; where the parties fail to reach a supplementary agreement, such content shall be determined according to the relevant clauses of the contract or the course of dealing.
第五百一十条 合同生效后，当事人就质量、价款或者报酬、履行地点等内容没有约定或者约定不明确的，可以协议补充；不能达成补充协议的，按照合同相关条款或者交易习惯确定。
Article 511 Where an agreement between the parties concerning the content of their contract is unclear and such content cannot be determined according to the provisions of the preceding Article, the following provisions shall be applied:
第五百一十一条 当事人就有关合同内容约定不明确，依据前条规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定：
(1) where the quality requirements are not clearly stipulated, the contract shall be performed in accordance with a mandatory national standard, or a recommendatory national standard in the absence of a mandatory national standard, or the standard of the industry in the absence of a recommendatory national standard. In the absence of any national or industrial standards, the contract shall be performed in accordance with the general standard or a specific standard conforming to the purpose of the contract.
（一）质量要求不明确的，按照强制性国家标准履行；没有强制性国家标准的，按照推荐性国家标准履行；没有推荐性国家标准的，按照行业标准履行；没有国家标准、行业标准的，按照通常标准或者符合合同目的的特定标准履行。
(2) where the price or remuneration is not clearly stipulated, the contract shall be performed in accordance with the market price in the place of performance at the time the contract is concluded. Where the government-set or government-guided price shall be applied as required by law, the contract shall be performed on such a price.
（二）价款或者报酬不明确的，按照订立合同时履行地的市场价格履行；依法应当执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，依照规定履行。
(3) where the place of performance is not clearly stipulated, the contract shall be performed at the place of the party receiving money where payment of money is involved, or, where real estate is to be delivered, at the place where the real estate is located. For other subject matters, the contract shall be performed at the place where the party performing the obligation is located.
（三）履行地点不明确，给付货币的，在接受货币一方所在地履行；交付不动产的，在不动产所在地履行；其他标的，在履行义务一方所在地履行。
(4) where the period of performance is not clearly stipulated, the debtor may perform his obligations at any time, and the creditor may request the debtor to perform at any time, provided that he shall give the debtor necessary time for preparation;
（四）履行期限不明确的，债务人可以随时履行，债权人也可以随时请求履行，但是应当给对方必要的准备时间。
(5) where the mode of performance is not clearly stipulated, the contract shall be performed in a manner conducive to realizing the purpose of the contract; and
（五）履行方式不明确的，按照有利于实现合同目的的方式履行。
(6) where the allocation of expenses for performance is not clearly stipulated, the expenses shall be borne by the party performing the obligation; where the expenses for performance are increased owing to the creditor’s reason, the creditor shall bear the increased part of the expenses.
（六）履行费用的负担不明确的，由履行义务一方负担；因债权人原因增加的履行费用，由债权人负担。
Article 512 Where the object of an electronic contract concluded through internet or other information network is the delivery of goods and the goods are to be delivered by express delivery services, the time of delivery is the time of acknowledging receipt of the goods by the recipient. Where the object of the said electronic contract is the provision of services, the time for provision of the service is the time stated in the automatic generated electronic certificate or physical certificate. Where there is no time stated in such a certificate or the time stated therein is inconsistent with the actual time for provision of the service, the actual time for provision of the service shall prevail.
第五百一十二条 通过互联网等信息网络订立的电子合同的标的为交付商品并采用快递物流方式交付的，收货人的签收时间为交付时间。电子合同的标的为提供服务的，生成的电子凭证或者实物凭证中载明的时间为提供服务时间；前述凭证没有载明时间或者载明时间与实际提供服务时间不一致的，以实际提供服务的时间为准。
Where the subject matter of the said electronic contract is delivered by online transmission, the time of delivery is the time when the subject matter of the contract enters the specific system designated by the other party and can be searched and identified.
电子合同的标的物为采用在线传输方式交付的，合同标的物进入对方当事人指定的特定系统且能够检索识别的时间为交付时间。
Where the parties to the said electronic contract agree otherwise on the mode and time of delivery of goods or provision of services, such agreement shall be complied with.
电子合同当事人对交付商品或者提供服务的方式、时间另有约定的，按照其约定。
Article 513 Where a government-set or government-guided price is adopted in a contract, if the said price is adjusted within the delivery period stipulated in the contract, the contract price shall be the price as adjusted at the time of delivery. Where an overdue delivery of the subject matter occurs, the contract price shall be the original price if the price rises at the time of delivery, or the price as adjusted if the price falls at the time of delivery. Where a delayed delivery of the subject matter or an overdue payment occurs, the contract price shall be the price as adjusted if the price rises, or the original price if the price falls.
第五百一十三条 执行政府定价或者政府指导价的，在合同约定的交付期限内政府价格调整时，按照交付时的价格计价。逾期交付标的物的，遇价格上涨时，按照原价格执行；价格下降时，按照新价格执行。逾期提取标的物或者逾期付款的，遇价格上涨时，按照新价格执行；价格下降时，按照原价格执行。
Article 514 Where an obligation is payment of money, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties, the creditor may request the debtor to perform the obligation by the lawful currency of the place of actual performance.
第五百一十四条 以支付金钱为内容的债，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定外，债权人可以请求债务人以实际履行地的法定货币履行。
Article 515 Where a contract has multiple objects and the debtor is required to perform only one of them, the debtor has the right of choice to choose the object to perform, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties, or otherwise determined by the course of dealing.
第五百一十五条 标的有多项而债务人只需履行其中一项的，债务人享有选择权；但是，法律另有规定、当事人另有约定或者另有交易习惯的除外。
Where the party with the right of choice fails to make the choice within the agreed period or upon expiration of the period of performance, and still fails to make the choice within a reasonable period of time after being demanded, the right of choice shall be shifted to the other party.
享有选择权的当事人在约定期限内或者履行期限届满未作选择，经催告后在合理期限内仍未选择的，选择权转移至对方。
Article 516 A party shall promptly notify the other party when exercising the right of choice, and the object of the contract to be performed shall be ascertained at the time when such notice reaches the other party. The ascertained object shall not be changed, unless otherwise consented to by the other party.
第五百一十六条 当事人行使选择权应当及时通知对方，通知到达对方时，标的确定。标的确定后不得变更，但是经对方同意的除外。
Where one of the objects available for choice becomes impossible to perform, the party with the right of choice shall not choose such object to perform, unless the impossibility to perform is caused by the other party.
可选择的标的发生不能履行情形的，享有选择权的当事人不得选择不能履行的标的，但是该不能履行的情形是由对方造成的除外。
Article 517 Where there are two or more creditors, if the object is divisible and each creditor is entitled to the claim in proportion to his own share, then the claim is a claim by share; where there are two or more debtors, if the object is divisible and each debtor assumes the obligation in proportion to his own share, then the obligation is an obligation by share.
第五百一十七条 债权人为二人以上，标的可分，按照份额各自享有债权的，为按份债权；债务人为二人以上，标的可分，按照份额各自负担债务的，为按份债务。
Where it is difficult to determine the share among the creditors with a claim by share or the debtors with an obligation by share, each is deemed to have or assume an equal share.
按份债权人或者按份债务人的份额难以确定的，视为份额相同。
Article 518 Where there are two or more creditors, and any or all of the creditors may request the debtor to perform the obligation, their claim is a joint and several claim; where there are two or more debtors, and the creditor can request any or all of the debtors to perform the full obligation, the obligation is a joint and several obligation.
第五百一十八条 债权人为二人以上，部分或者全部债权人均可以请求债务人履行债务的，为连带债权；债务人为二人以上，债权人可以请求部分或者全部债务人履行全部债务的，为连带债务。
A joint and several claim or a joint and several obligation shall be provided by law or agreed by the parties.
连带债权或者连带债务，由法律规定或者当事人约定。
Article 519 Where it is difficult to determine the share of obligation among the debtors assuming joint and several liabilities, each debtor is deemed to owe an equal share.
第五百一十九条 连带债务人之间的份额难以确定的，视为份额相同。
A debtor assuming joint and several liabilities who has assumed obligation in excess of his own share has the right to contribution against the other debtors assuming joint and several liabilities to the extent of the share not performed by the other debtors, and accordingly shall be entitled to the rights of a creditor, provided that the other creditors’ interests shall not be harmed. The defenses of the other debtors assuming joint and several liabilities against the creditor may be asserted against such a debtor.
实际承担债务超过自己份额的连带债务人，有权就超出部分在其他连带债务人未履行的份额范围内向其追偿，并相应地享有债权人的权利，但是不得损害债权人的利益。其他连带债务人对债权人的抗辩，可以向该债务人主张。
Where a debtor assuming joint and several liabilities against whom the right to contribution is claimed is unable to perform the share he is liable to assume, the other debtors assuming joint and several liabilities shall be liable for the relevant part of the obligation on a pro rata basis.
被追偿的连带债务人不能履行其应分担份额的，其他连带债务人应当在相应范围内按比例分担。
Article 520 Where one of the debtors assuming joint and several liabilities has performed his obligation, offset his obligation, or placed the subject matter of the obligation in escrow, the obligation of the other debtors owed to the creditor is extinguished to the corresponding extent, and such a debtor has the right to contribution against the other debtors in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Article.
第五百二十条 部分连带债务人履行、抵销债务或者提存标的物的，其他债务人对债权人的债务在相应范围内消灭；该债务人可以依据前条规定向其他债务人追偿。
Where the obligation of one of the debtors assuming joint and several liabilities is discharged by the creditor, the obligation of the other debtors assuming joint and several liabilities owed to the creditor is extinguished to the extent of the share that such a debtor assumes.
部分连带债务人的债务被债权人免除的，在该连带债务人应当承担的份额范围内，其他债务人对债权人的债务消灭。
Where the obligation of one of the debtors assuming joint and several liabilities has merged with the claim of the creditor to be held by the same person, after deducting such share of obligation, the creditor’s claim against the other debtors assuming joint and several liabilities continues to exist.
部分连带债务人的债务与债权人的债权同归于一人的，在扣除该债务人应当承担的份额后，债权人对其他债务人的债权继续存在。
Where a creditor delays in accepting the performance of one of the debtors assuming joint and several liabilities, such delay takes effect on the other debtors assuming joint and several liabilities.
债权人对部分连带债务人的给付受领迟延的，对其他连带债务人发生效力。
Article 521 Where it is difficult to determine the share among the creditors with joint and several claims, each creditor is deemed to have an equal share.
第五百二十一条 连带债权人之间的份额难以确定的，视为份额相同。
A creditor who has accepted the performance of obligation in excess of his own share shall reimburse the other creditors with joint and several claims with him on a pro rata basis.
实际受领债权的连带债权人，应当按比例向其他连带债权人返还。
The relevant provisions on a joint and several obligation in this Chapter may be applied to a joint and several claim mutatis mutandis.
连带债权参照适用本章连带债务的有关规定。
Article 522 Where the parties agree that the debtor shall perform the obligation to a third person, if the debtor fails to perform the obligation to the third person or the performance does not conform to the agreement, the debtor shall bear default liability to the creditor.
第五百二十二条 当事人约定由债务人向第三人履行债务，债务人未向第三人履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定的，应当向债权人承担违约责任。
Where it is provided by law or agreed by the parties that a third person may directly request the debtor to perform the obligation to him, and the third person does not explicitly reject it within a reasonable period of time, if the debtor fails to perform the obligation to the third person or the performance does not conform to the agreement, the third person may request the debtor to bear default liability. The defenses that the debtor has against the creditor may be asserted against the third person.
法律规定或者当事人约定第三人可以直接请求债务人向其履行债务，第三人未在合理期限内明确拒绝，债务人未向第三人履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定的，第三人可以请求债务人承担违约责任；债务人对债权人的抗辩，可以向第三人主张。
Article 523 Where the parties agree that the obligation shall be performed by a third person to the creditor, if the third person fails to perform the obligation or the performance does not conform to the agreement, the debtor shall bear default liability to the creditor.
第五百二十三条 当事人约定由第三人向债权人履行债务，第三人不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定的，债务人应当向债权人承担违约责任。
Article 524 Where a debtor fails to perform an obligation, and a third person has an lawful interest in the performance of the obligation, the third person is entitled to perform it to the creditor on behalf of the debtor, unless the obligation may only be performed by the debtor based on the nature of the obligation, as agreed by the parties, or as provided by law.
第五百二十四条 债务人不履行债务，第三人对履行该债务具有合法利益的，第三人有权向债权人代为履行；但是，根据债务性质、按照当事人约定或者依照法律规定只能由债务人履行的除外。
After the creditor accepts the performance of such obligation by the third person, his claim against the debtor shall be assigned to the third person, unless otherwise agreed by the debtor and the third person.
债权人接受第三人履行后，其对债务人的债权转让给第三人，但是债务人和第三人另有约定的除外。
Article 525 Where the parties have mutual obligations to each other and there is an order of performance of the obligations, the parties shall perform the obligations at the same time. Any party has the right to reject the other party's request for performance before the other party performs. Any party has the right to reject the other party's request for the corresponding performance if the other party’s performance does not conform to the agreement.
第五百二十五条 当事人互负债务，没有先后履行顺序的，应当同时履行。一方在对方履行之前有权拒绝其履行请求。一方在对方履行债务不符合约定时，有权拒绝其相应的履行请求。
Article 526 Where the parties have mutual obligations to each other and there is an order of performance of the obligations, if the party obligated to perform first fails to perform the obligation, the party obligated to perform later has the right to reject the request for performance made by that party. Where the performance of the party obligated to perform first does not conform to the agreement, the party obligated to perform later has the right to reject the request made by the former party for performance of the corresponding obligation.
第五百二十六条 当事人互负债务，有先后履行顺序，应当先履行债务一方未履行的，后履行一方有权拒绝其履行请求。先履行一方履行债务不符合约定的，后履行一方有权拒绝其相应的履行请求。
Article 527 A party obligated to perform the obligation first may suspend his performance if there is definite evidence proving that the other party falls under any of the following situations:
第五百二十七条 应当先履行债务的当事人，有确切证据证明对方有下列情形之一的，可以中止履行：
(1) its operating conditions are seriously deteriorated;
（一）经营状况严重恶化；
（二）
(2) it transfers property or withdraws capital to evade debts;
（二）转移财产、抽逃资金，以逃避债务；
(3) the good will of its business has been lost; or
（三）丧失商业信誉；
(4) there’s another circumstance under which it has lost or is losing its ability to perform the obligation.
（四）有丧失或者可能丧失履行债务能力的其他情形。
A party that suspends the performance with no such definite evidence shall bear default liability.
当事人没有确切证据中止履行的，应当承担违约责任。
Article 528 A party who suspends performance in accordance with the provisions of the preceding Article shall notify the other party in a timely manner. The performance shall be resumed if the other party provides an appropriate bond. After a party suspends its performance, where the other party fails to restore his ability to perform the obligation and fails to provide an appropriate bond within a reasonable period of time, it shall be deemed to be an indication through his act that the party will not perform his principal obligation, and the party that suspends the performance may cancel the contract and may request the other party to bear default liability.
第五百二十八条 当事人依据前条规定中止履行的，应当及时通知对方。对方提供适当担保的，应当恢复履行。中止履行后，对方在合理期限内未恢复履行能力且未提供适当担保的，视为以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务，中止履行的一方可以解除合同并可以请求对方承担违约责任。
Article 529 Where a debtor’s performance of an obligation has become difficult owing to the reason that the creditor fails to notify the debtor that it has split into two or more entities, merges with another entity, or changed its domicile, the debtor may suspend performance or place the subject matter in escrow.
第五百二十九条 债权人分立、合并或者变更住所没有通知债务人，致使履行债务发生困难的，债务人可以中止履行或者将标的物提存。
Article 530 A creditor may reject the debtor’s early performance of the obligation, unless the early performance is not detrimental to the interests of the creditor.
第五百三十条 债权人可以拒绝债务人提前履行债务，但是提前履行不损害债权人利益的除外。
Any additional expenses incurred to the creditor due to the debtor’s early performance of the obligation shall be borne by the debtor.
债务人提前履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。
Article 531 A creditor may reject the debtor’s partial performance of the obligation, unless the partial performance is not detrimental to the interests of the creditor.
第五百三十一条 债权人可以拒绝债务人部分履行债务，但是部分履行不损害债权人利益的除外。
Any additional expenses incurred to the creditor due to the debtor’s partial performance of the obligation shall be borne by the debtor.
债务人部分履行债务给债权人增加的费用，由债务人负担。
Article 532 After a contract becomes effective, any party shall not fail to perform its contractual obligations on the ground that either party’s name or entity name, legal representative, the responsible person, or the person handling the contract has been changed.
第五百三十二条 合同生效后，当事人不得因姓名、名称的变更或者法定代表人、负责人、承办人的变动而不履行合同义务。
Article 533 After a contract is formed, where a fundamental condition upon which the contract is concluded is significantly changed which are unforeseeable by the parties upon conclusion of the contract and which is not one of the commercial risks, if continuing performance of the contract is obviously unfair to one of the parties, the party that is adversely affected may re-negotiate with the other party; where such an agreement cannot be reached within a reasonable period of time, the parties may request the people’s court or an arbitration institution to rectify or rescind the contract.
第五百三十三条 合同成立后，合同的基础条件发生了当事人在订立合同时无法预见的、不属于商业风险的重大变化，继续履行合同对于当事人一方明显不公平的，受不利影响的当事人可以与对方重新协商；在合理期限内协商不成的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构变更或者解除合同。
The people’s court or an arbitration institution shall rectify or rescind the contract in compliance with the principle of fairness, taking into account the actual circumstances of the case.
人民法院或者仲裁机构应当结合案件的实际情况，根据公平原则变更或者解除合同。
Article 534 Where the parties take advantage of the contract to commit an act that endangers the State’s interests and public interests, the market regulatory authority and other relevant administrative authorities shall be responsible for supervising and handling it in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations.
第五百三十四条 对当事人利用合同实施危害国家利益、社会公共利益行为的，市场监督管理和其他有关行政主管部门依照法律、行政法规的规定负责监督处理。
Chapter V Preservation of Contracts
第五章 合同的保全
Article 535 Where a debtor’s right against a counterparty, or an accessory right related thereto, has not been claimed against the counterparty owing to the debtor’s indolence, and the enforcement of the creditor’s due claim is thus adversely affected, the creditor may request the people's court to allow him to exercise by subrogation the debtor's claim against the counterparty of the debtor in his own name, unless such claim belongs exclusively to the debtor himself.
第五百三十五条 因债务人怠于行使其债权或者与该债权有关的从权利，影响债权人的到期债权实现的，债权人可以向人民法院请求以自己的名义代位行使债务人对相对人的权利，但是该权利专属于债务人自身的除外。
The scope of the right of subrogation is limited to the creditor's due claim. The necessary expenses for the creditor to exercise the right of subrogation shall be borne by the debtor.
代位权的行使范围以债权人的到期债权为限。债权人行使代位权的必要费用，由债务人负担。
The counterparty’s defenses against the debtor may be asserted against the creditor.
相对人对债务人的抗辩，可以向债权人主张。
Article 536 Prior to the due date of the creditor’s claim, where there exists a circumstance under which the limitation period for the debtor’s principal claim or an accessory claim related thereto is to expire, or the debtor fails to timely declare his claim in a bankruptcy proceeding, and the enforcement of the creditor’s claim is thus adversely affected, the creditor may, by subrogation, request the counterparty of the debtor to perform his obligation to the debtor, declare the debtor’s claim to the bankruptcy administrator, or take other necessary acts.
第五百三十六条 债权人的债权到期前，债务人的债权或者与该债权有关的从权利存在诉讼时效期间即将届满或者未及时申报破产债权等情形，影响债权人的债权实现的，债权人可以代位向债务人的相对人请求其向债务人履行、向破产管理人申报或者作出其他必要的行为。
Article 537Where the people’s court determines that the right of subrogation has been established, the counterparty of the debtor shall perform the obligation to the creditor. After the performance is accepted by the creditor, the corresponding rights and obligations between the creditor and the debtor, and those between the debtor and the counterparty, are terminated. Where the debtor’s claim or an accessory claim related thereto against the counterparty is subject to preservation or enforcement measures, or where the debtor becomes bankrupt, it shall be dealt with in accordance with the provisions of the relevant laws.
第五百三十七条 人民法院认定代位权成立的，由债务人的相对人向债权人履行义务，债权人接受履行后，债权人与债务人、债务人与相对人之间相应的权利义务终止。债务人对相对人的债权或者与该债权有关的从权利被采取保全、执行措施，或者债务人破产的，依照相关法律的规定处理。
Article 538 Where a debtor gratuitously disposes of his proprietory rights and interests by waiving his claims, waiving the security for his claims, or transferring his properties without consideration, and the like, or maliciously extends the period of performance of his due claim, and the enforcement of the creditor’s claim is thus adversely affected, the creditor may request the people's court to revoke the debtor's act.
第五百三十八条 债务人以放弃其债权、放弃债权担保、无偿转让财产等方式无偿处分财产权益，或者恶意延长其到期债权的履行期限，影响债权人的债权实现的，债权人可以请求人民法院撤销债务人的行为。
Article 539 Where a debtor transfers his property at an obviously unreasonably low price, takes anothers’ property or provides security for anothers’ obligation at an obviously unreasonable high price, and the enforcement of the creditor’s claim is thus adversely affected, the creditor may request the people’s court to revoke the debtor’s act if the counterparty of the debtor knows or should have known such circumstance.
第五百三十九条 债务人以明显不合理的低价转让财产、以明显不合理的高价受让他人财产或者为他人的债务提供担保，影响债权人的债权实现，债务人的相对人知道或者应当知道该情形的，债权人可以请求人民法院撤销债务人的行为。
Article 540 The scope of the right to revocation shall be limited to the creditor’s claim. The necessary expenses for the creditor to exercise the right to revocation shall be borne by the debtor.
第五百四十条 撤销权的行使范围以债权人的债权为限。债权人行使撤销权的必要费用，由债务人负担。
Article 541 The right to revocation shall be exercised within one year from the date on which the creditor knows or should have known the cause for the revocation. The right to revocation shall be extinguished where a creditor does not exercise such right within five years since the date on which the act of the debtor occurs.
第五百四十一条 撤销权自债权人知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内行使。自债务人的行为发生之日起五年内没有行使撤销权的，该撤销权消灭。
Article 542 Where an act of the debtor adversely affecting the enforcement of the creditor’s claim is revoked, such act does not have legal effect ab initio.
第五百四十二条 债务人影响债权人的债权实现的行为被撤销的，自始没有法律约束力。
Chapter VI Modification and Assignment of Contracts
第六章 合同的变更和转让
Article 543 The parties may modify the contract upon agreement through consultation.
第五百四十三条 当事人协商一致，可以变更合同。
Article 544 Where the content of the contract that the parties agree to modify is not clear, it is presumed that the contract has not been modified.
第五百四十四条 当事人对合同变更的内容约定不明确的，推定为未变更。
Article 545 A creditor may assign his claim in whole or in part to a third person, except that:
第五百四十五条 债权人可以将债权的全部或者部分转让给第三人，但是有下列情形之一的除外：
(1) a claim is not assignable by virtue of its nature;
（一）根据债权性质不得转让；
(2) a claim is not assignable as agreed by the parties; or
（二）按照当事人约定不得转让；
(3) a claim is not assignable in accordance with law.
（三）依照法律规定不得转让。
Where the parties agree that a non-pecuniary claim may not be assigned, such agreement shall not be asserted against a bona fide third person. Where the parties agree that a pecuniary claim may not be assigned, such agreement shall not be asserted against a third person.
当事人约定非金钱债权不得转让的，不得对抗善意第三人。当事人约定金钱债权不得转让的，不得对抗第三人。
Article 546 Where a creditor assigns his claim but fails to notify the debtor thereof, the assignment is not effective against the debtor.
第五百四十六条 债权人转让债权，未通知债务人的，该转让对债务人不发生效力。
The notice of the assignment of a claim may not be revoked, unless consented to by the assignee.
债权转让的通知不得撤销，但是经受让人同意的除外。
Article 547 Where a creditor assigns his claim, the assignee shall acquire the accessory right related to the claim, unless the accessory right belongs exclusively to the creditor.
第五百四十七条 债权人转让债权的，受让人取得与债权有关的从权利，但是该从权利专属于债权人自身的除外。
Failure to register the assignment of the accessory right or failure to change the possession thereof shall not affect the acquisition of the accessory right by the assignee.
受让人取得从权利不因该从权利未办理转移登记手续或者未转移占有而受到影响。
Article 548 After a debtor receives a notice of assignment of a claim, the debtor’s defenses against the assignor may be asserted against the assignee.
第五百四十八条 债务人接到债权转让通知后，债务人对让与人的抗辩，可以向受让人主张。
Article 549 A debtor may claim a set-off against the assignee under any of the following circumstances:
第五百四十九条 有下列情形之一的，债务人可以向受让人主张抵销：
(1) when the debtor receives the notice of assignment of a claim, the debtor has a claim against the assignor which becomes due prior to or at the same time of the due date of the assigned claim; or
（一）债务人接到债权转让通知时，债务人对让与人享有债权，且债务人的债权先于转让的债权到期或者同时到期；
(2) the debtor’s claim and the assigned claim are generated on the basis of the same contract.
（二）债务人的债权与转让的债权是基于同一合同产生。
Article 550 The expenses for performance increased due to the assignment of a claim shall be borne by the assignor.
第五百五十条 因债权转让增加的履行费用，由让与人负担。
Article 551 Where a debtor delegates his obligation in whole or in part to a third person, the consent of the creditor shall be obtained.
第五百五十一条 债务人将债务的全部或者部分转移给第三人的，应当经债权人同意。
The debtor or the third person may demand the creditor to give his consent within a reasonable period of time. Where the creditor makes no indication, it shall be deemed as no consent given.
债务人或者第三人可以催告债权人在合理期限内予以同意，债权人未作表示的，视为不同意。
Article 552 Where a third person agrees with the debtor to join in the obligation and notifies the creditor thereof, or a third person indicates to the creditor his willingness to join in the obligation, if the creditor fails to explicitly make a rejection within a reasonable period of time, the creditor may request the third person to assume the joint and several obligation with the debtor to the extent of the obligation the third person is willing to assume.
第五百五十二条 第三人与债务人约定加入债务并通知债权人，或者第三人向债权人表示愿意加入债务，债权人未在合理期限内明确拒绝的，债权人可以请求第三人在其愿意承担的债务范围内和债务人承担连带债务。
Article 553 Where a debtor delegates his obligation, the new debtor may assert a defense of the original debtor against the creditor; where the original debtor has a claim against the creditor, the new debtor may not claim a set-off against the creditor.
第五百五十三条 债务人转移债务的，新债务人可以主张原债务人对债权人的抗辩；原债务人对债权人享有债权的，新债务人不得向债权人主张抵销。
Article 554 Where a debtor delegates his obligation, the new debtor shall assume the accessory obligation related to the principal obligation, unless the accessory obligation belongs exclusively to the original debtor.
第五百五十四条 债务人转移债务的，新债务人应当承担与主债务有关的从债务，但是该从债务专属于原债务人自身的除外。
Article 555 A party may assign his rights and delegate his obligations under a contract to a third person with the consent of the other party.
第五百五十五条 当事人一方经对方同意，可以将自己在合同中的权利和义务一并转让给第三人。
Article 556 Where the rights and obligations under a contract are assigned and delegated together, the provisions on assignment of claims and delegation of obligations shall be applied.
第五百五十六条 合同的权利和义务一并转让的，适用债权转让、债务转移的有关规定。
Chapter VII Termination of Rights and Obligations under a Contract
第七章 合同的权利义务终止
Article 557 A claim or obligation shall be terminated under any of the following circumstances:
第五百五十七条 有下列情形之一的，债权债务终止：
(1) the obligation has been performed;
（一）债务已经履行；
(2) the obligations are offset against each other;
（二）债务相互抵销；
(3) the debtor has placed the subject matter in escrow in accordance with law;
（三）债务人依法将标的物提存；
(4) the creditor has exempted the obligation;
（四）债权人免除债务；
(5) the claim and obligation are merged to be held by the same person; or
（五）债权债务同归于一人；
(6) any other circumstance under which the parties’ agreement is terminated as provided by law or agreed by the parties.
（六）法律规定或者当事人约定终止的其他情形。
The relationship of rights and obligations under a contract shall be terminated upon rescission of the contract.
合同解除的，该合同的权利义务关系终止。
Article 558 After the parties’ claims and obligations are terminated, the parties shall, in compliance with the principle of good faith and the like, perform such obligations as sending notification, rendering assistance, keeping confidentiality, and retrieving the used items according to the course of dealing.
第五百五十八条 债权债务终止后，当事人应当遵循诚信等原则，根据交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密、旧物回收等义务。
Article 559 Upon termination of a claim and an obligation, a right accessory to the claim shall be extinguished concomitantly, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第五百五十九条 债权债务终止时，债权的从权利同时消灭，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 560 Where a debtor owes to a creditor multiple obligations of the same kind, and the debtor’s performance is not sufficient to discharge all of the obligations, upon making performance, the debtor shall designate which obligation is to be discharged, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第五百六十条 债务人对同一债权人负担的数项债务种类相同，债务人的给付不足以清偿全部债务的，除当事人另有约定外，由债务人在清偿时指定其履行的债务。
Where the debtor fails to make such a designation, the due obligation shall be performed first. Where multiple obligations are all due, the obligation not secured or with the least security shall be performed firs. Where none of the obligations are secured or the obligations are equally secured, the obligation with which the debtor assumes the heaviest burden shall be performed first. Where the burdens are the same, the obligations shall be performed in the order of their due dates. Where the due dates are the same, the obligations shall be performed on a pro rata basis.
债务人未作指定的，应当优先履行已经到期的债务；数项债务均到期的，优先履行对债权人缺乏担保或者担保最少的债务；均无担保或者担保相等的，优先履行债务人负担较重的债务；负担相同的，按照债务到期的先后顺序履行；到期时间相同的，按照债务比例履行。
Article 561 In addition to performing the principal obligation, a debtor shall pay to the creditor interests and other expenses related to the enforcement of the obligation. Where the payment is not sufficient to discharge all of the obligations, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, he shall perform the obligation in accordance with the following order:
第五百六十一条 债务人在履行主债务外还应当支付利息和实现债权的有关费用，其给付不足以清偿全部债务的，除当事人另有约定外，应当按照下列顺序履行：
(1) the relevant expenses incurred by the creditor for enforcing his claim;
（一）实现债权的有关费用；
(2) the interests; and
（二）利息；
(3) the principal obligation.
（三）主债务。
Article 562 The parties may rescind the contract upon agreement through consultation.
第五百六十二条 当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。
The parties may agree on the causes for rescission of the contract by a party. When a cause for rescission of contract arises, the party with the right to rescission may rescind the contract.
当事人可以约定一方解除合同的事由。解除合同的事由发生时，解除权人可以解除合同。
Article 563 The parties may rescind the contract under any of the following circumstances:
第五百六十三条 有下列情形之一的，当事人可以解除合同：
(1) the purpose of a contract is not able to be achieved due to force majeure;
（一）因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的；
(2) prior to expiration of the period of performance, one of the parties explicitly expresses or indicates by his act that he will not perform the principal obligation;
（二）在履行期限届满前，当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务；
(3) one of the parties delays his performance of the principal obligation and still fails to perform it within a reasonable period of time after being demanded;
（三）当事人一方迟延履行主要债务，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行；
(4) one of the parties delays his performance of the obligation or has otherwise acted in breach of the contract, thus makes it impossible for the purpose of the contract to be achieved; or
（四）当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有其他违约行为致使不能实现合同目的；
(5)any other circumstance as provided by law.
（五）法律规定的其他情形。
For a contract under which the debtor is required to continuously perform an obligation for an indefinite period of time, the parties thereto may rescind the contract at any time, provided that the other party shall be notified within a reasonable period of time.
以持续履行的债务为内容的不定期合同，当事人可以随时解除合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。
Article 564 Where a time limit for exercising the right to rescind the contract is provided by law or agreed by the parties, if the parties have not exercised such right upon expiration of the period, such a right shall be extinguished.
第五百六十四条 法律规定或者当事人约定解除权行使期限，期限届满当事人不行使的，该权利消灭。
Where no time limit for exercising the right to rescind the contract is provided by law or agreed by the parties, such a right shall be extinguished if the party with the right to rescission does not exercise such right within one year after he knows or should have known the causes for rescission, or within a reasonable period of time after being demanded by the other party.
法律没有规定或者当事人没有约定解除权行使期限，自解除权人知道或者应当知道解除事由之日起一年内不行使，或者经对方催告后在合理期限内不行使的，该权利消灭。
Article 565 Where one of the parties requests to rescind the contract in accordance with law, the other party shall be duly notified. The contract shall be rescinded at the time the notice reaches the other party, or, where the notice states that the contract shall be automatically rescinded if the debtor fails to perform his obligation within a specified period of time, the contrct shall be rescinded when the debtor fails to perform the obligation upon expiration of such specified period of time. Where the other party has objections to the rescission of the contract, either party may request the people's court or an arbitration institution to determine the validity of the rescission.
第五百六十五条 当事人一方依法主张解除合同的，应当通知对方。合同自通知到达对方时解除；通知载明债务人在一定期限内不履行债务则合同自动解除，债务人在该期限内未履行债务的，合同自通知载明的期限届满时解除。对方对解除合同有异议的，任何一方当事人均可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除行为的效力。
Where one of the parties, without notifying the other party, requests the rescission of the contract by directly filing a lawsuit or applying for arbitration in accordance with law, and the people’s court or arbitration institution confirms such request, the contract shall be rescinded when a duplicated copy of the complaint or the application letter for arbitration is served on the other party.
当事人一方未通知对方，直接以提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的方式依法主张解除合同，人民法院或者仲裁机构确认该主张的，合同自起诉状副本或者仲裁申请书副本送达对方时解除。
Article 566 After a contract is rescinded, where the obligations have not yet been performed, the performance shall cease; where the obligations have already been performed, the parties may, taking into account the performance status and the nature of the contract, request restoration to the original status or other remedial measures taken, and have the right to request for compensation for losses.
第五百六十六条 合同解除后，尚未履行的，终止履行；已经履行的，根据履行情况和合同性质，当事人可以请求恢复原状或者采取其他补救措施，并有权请求赔偿损失。
Where a contract is rescinded due to a default, the party with the right to rescind the contract may request the breaching party to bear default liability, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
合同因违约解除的，解除权人可以请求违约方承担违约责任，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
After the principal contract is rescinded, a security provider shall still be obligated to secure the debtor’s liability, unless otherwise agreed in the security contract.
主合同解除后，担保人对债务人应当承担的民事责任仍应当承担担保责任，但是担保合同另有约定的除外。
Article 567 Termination of the relationship of rights and obligations under a contract does not affect the validity of the contract clauses regarding settlement and liquidation.
第五百六十七条 合同的权利义务关系终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。
Article 568 Where the parties mutually owe obligations to each other, and the subject matter of the obligations are of the same kind and quality, any party may offset his obligation against the due obligation of the other party, unless the obligation cannot be offset by virture of the nature of the obligations, or in accordance with the agreements by the parties or the provisions of law.
第五百六十八条 当事人互负债务，该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的，任何一方可以将自己的债务与对方的到期债务抵销；但是，根据债务性质、按照当事人约定或者依照法律规定不得抵销的除外。
A party who claims a set-off shall notify the other party. The notice shall become effective when it reaches the other party. No conditions or time limit may be attached to the set-off.
当事人主张抵销的，应当通知对方。通知自到达对方时生效。抵销不得附条件或者附期限。
Article 569 Where the parties mutually owe obligations to each other and the subject matter of the obligations are not of the same kind or quality, the obligations may also be offset upon agreement by the parties through consultation.
第五百六十九条 当事人互负债务，标的物种类、品质不相同的，经协商一致，也可以抵销。
Article 570 Where it is difficult to perform an obligation under any of the following circumstances, a debtor may place the subject matter in escrow:
第五百七十条 有下列情形之一，难以履行债务的，债务人可以将标的物提存：
(1) the creditor refuses to accept the performance without just course;
（一）债权人无正当理由拒绝受领；
(2) the creditor cannot be located;
（二）债权人下落不明；
(3) the creditor dies with his heirs or estate administrator not determined, or the creditor loses his capacity for performing civil juristic acts with no guardian determined; or
（三）债权人死亡未确定继承人、遗产管理人，或者丧失民事行为能力未确定监护人；
(4) any other circumstance as provided by law.
（四）法律规定的其他情形。
Where the subject matter is not suitable for being placed in escrew or the expenses therefor are too high, the debtor may sell the subject matter through auction or sale and place the proceeds thus obtained in escrow in accordance with law.
标的物不适于提存或者提存费用过高的，债务人依法可以拍卖或者变卖标的物，提存所得的价款。
Article 571 A subject matter or the proceeds obtained from auction or sale of the subject matter is placed in escrow where the debtor delivers the subject matter or proceeds thereof to the escrow agency in accordance with law.
第五百七十一条 债务人将标的物或者将标的物依法拍卖、变卖所得价款交付提存部门时，提存成立。
Where a subject matter or its proceeds has been placed in escrow, the debtor is deemed to have delivered the subject matter to such extent.
提存成立的，视为债务人在其提存范围内已经交付标的物。
Article 572 After a subject matter is placed in escrow, the debtor shall promptly notify the creditor or the creditor’s heir, estate administrator, guardian, or custodian for his property.
第五百七十二条 标的物提存后，债务人应当及时通知债权人或者债权人的继承人、遗产管理人、监护人、财产代管人。
Article 573 After a subject matter is placed in escrow, the risk of destruction, damage, or loss thereof shall be assumed by the creditor. During the period the subject matter is placed in escrow, the accrued proceeds of the subject matter shall belong to the creditor. The expenses thus incurred shall be borne by the creditor.
第五百七十三条 标的物提存后，毁损、灭失的风险由债权人承担。提存期间，标的物的孳息归债权人所有。提存费用由债权人负担。
Article 574 The creditor may collect the subject matter placed in escrow at any time, except that where the creditor owes due obligation to the debtor, the escrow agency shall reject the creditor’s request for collecting it before the creditor performs such obligation or providing security therefor.
第五百七十四条 债权人可以随时领取提存物。但是，债权人对债务人负有到期债务的，在债权人未履行债务或者提供担保之前，提存部门根据债务人的要求应当拒绝其领取提存物。
The creditor’s right to collect the subject matter placed in escrow is extinguished if such right is not exercised within five years from the date the subject matter is delivered to the escrow agency, and such subject matter shall be escheated to the State after the escrow agency’s expenses are deducted. However, where a creditor fails to perform his due obligation to the debtor, or where the creditor waives his right to collect the subject matter placed in escrow in writing to the escrow agency, the debtor has the right to take back the subject matter after paying the escrow agency’s expenses.
债权人领取提存物的权利，自提存之日起五年内不行使而消灭，提存物扣除提存费用后归国家所有。但是，债权人未履行对债务人的到期债务，或者债权人向提存部门书面表示放弃领取提存物权利的，债务人负担提存费用后有权取回提存物。
Article 575 Where a creditor exempts part or all of the debtor’s obligations, the claims and obligations shall be terminated in part or in whole, unless the debtor objects within a reasonable period of time.
第五百七十五条 债权人免除债务人部分或者全部债务的，债权债务部分或者全部终止，但是债务人在合理期限内拒绝的除外。
Article 576 Where a claim and an obligation are merged to be held by the same person, the claim and obligation shall be terminated, unless it is detrimental to the interests of a third person.
第五百七十六条 债权和债务同归于一人的，债权债务终止，但是损害第三人利益的除外。
Chapter VIII Default Liability
第八章 违约责任
Article 577 Where a party fails to perform his contractual obligation or his performance does not conform to the agreement, he shall bear default liability such as continuing to perform his obligations, taking remedial measures, or compensating for losses.
第五百七十七条 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。
Article 578 Where a party explicitly expresses or indicates by his act that he will not perform his contractual obligation, the other party may request the former party to bear default liability before expiration of the time period of performance.
第五百七十八条 当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行合同义务的，对方可以在履行期限届满前请求其承担违约责任。
Article 579 Where a party fails to pay the price, remuneration, rent, or interests, or fails to perform another pecuniary obligation, the other party may request for such payment or performance.
第五百七十九条 当事人一方未支付价款、报酬、租金、利息，或者不履行其他金钱债务的，对方可以请求其支付。
Article 580 Where a party fails to perform a non-pecuniary obligation or his performance does not conform to the agreement, the other party may request for such performance unless:
第五百八十条 当事人一方不履行非金钱债务或者履行非金钱债务不符合约定的，对方可以请求履行，但是有下列情形之一的除外：
(1) the performance is impossible either de jure or de facto;
（一）法律上或者事实上不能履行；
(2) the object of the obligation is not suitable for a compulsory performance or the expenses for the performance are too high; or
（二）债务的标的不适于强制履行或者履行费用过高；
(3) the creditor fails to request for performance within a reasonable period of time.
（三）债权人在合理期限内未请求履行。
Where one of the situations specified in the preceding paragraph exists so that the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved, the people’s court or an arbitration institution may terminate the contractual relationship of rights and obligations upon request by a party, but the default liability shall still be borne without being affected.
有前款规定的除外情形之一，致使不能实现合同目的的，人民法院或者仲裁机构可以根据当事人的请求终止合同权利义务关系，但是不影响违约责任的承担。
Article 581 Where a party fails to perform his obligation or his performance does not conform to the agreement, if the obligation shall not be enforced by virtue of the nature of the obligation, the other party may request such party to bear the expenses of a substitute performance by a third person.
第五百八十一条 当事人一方不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，根据债务的性质不得强制履行的，对方可以请求其负担由第三人替代履行的费用。
Article 582 Where the performance does not conform to the agreement, default liability shall be borne in accordance with the contract between the parties. Where the default liability is not stipulated or is not clearly stipulated in the contract, and if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the aggrieved party may, by virtue of the nature of the object and according to the degree of the loss, reasonably request the other party to bear the default liability such as repair, redoing, replacement, return of the object, decrease in price or remuneration, and the like.
第五百八十二条 履行不符合约定的，应当按照当事人的约定承担违约责任。对违约责任没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，受损害方根据标的的性质以及损失的大小，可以合理选择请求对方承担修理、重作、更换、退货、减少价款或者报酬等违约责任。
Article 583 Where a party fails to perform his contractual obligation or his performance does not conform to the agreement, he shall make compensation if, after he has performed his obligation or has taken remedial measures, the other party still suffers loss.
第五百八十三条 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，在履行义务或者采取补救措施后，对方还有其他损失的，应当赔偿损失。
Article 584 Where a party fails to perform his contractual obligation or his performance does not conform to the agreement so that the other party suffers loss, the amount of compensation shall be equivalent to the loss caused by the breach of contract, including the benefits expected to be obtained should the contract had been performed, except that it shall not exceed the loss that may be caused by the breach that the breaching party forsees or should have forseen at the time of conclusion of the contract.
第五百八十四条 当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，造成对方损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益；但是，不得超过违约一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违约可能造成的损失。
Article 585 The parties may agree that, upon default by a party, a certain amount of liquidated damages shall be paid to the other party according to the circumstance of the breach, or the parties may agree on the method of calculating the compensation for losses arising from the breach.
第五百八十五条 当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。
Where the agreed liquidated damages are lower than the loss caused, the people's court or an arbitration institution may increase the amount upon request of a party. Where the agreed liquidated damages are excessively higher than the loss caused, the people's court or an arbitration institution may make appropriate reduction upon request of a party.
约定的违约金低于造成的损失的，人民法院或者仲裁机构可以根据当事人的请求予以增加；约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的，人民法院或者仲裁机构可以根据当事人的请求予以适当减少。
Where the parties agree on the liquidated damages for delayed performance, the breaching party shall continue to perform the obligation after paying the liquidated damages.
当事人就迟延履行约定违约金的，违约方支付违约金后，还应当履行债务。
Article 586 The parties may agree that one party deposits earnest money to the other party to secure his claim. An earnest money deposit contract becomes effective upon actual delivery of the earnest money.
第五百八十六条 当事人可以约定一方向对方给付定金作为债权的担保。定金合同自实际交付定金时成立。
The amount of the earnest money shall be agreed by the parties, except that it shall not exceed 20% of the value of the object of the principal contract, and any excessive part does not have the effect as earnest money. Where the amount of the earnest money actually delivered is more or less than the agreed amount, the agreed amount of the earnest money shall be deemed to have been changed.
定金的数额由当事人约定；但是，不得超过主合同标的额的百分之二十，超过部分不产生定金的效力。实际交付的定金数额多于或者少于约定数额的，视为变更约定的定金数额。
Article 587 After a debtor has performed his obligation, the earnest money shall be calculated as part of the price or be refunded. Where a party paying the earnest money fails to perform his obligation or fails to perform it in conformity with the agreement, so that the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved, he is not entitled to request refund of the earnest money. Where a party receiving the earnest money fails to perform his obligation or fails to perform it in conformity with the agreement, so that the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved, he shall refund twice the amount of the earnest money to the other party.
第五百八十七条 债务人履行债务的，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，致使不能实现合同目的的，无权请求返还定金；收受定金的一方不履行债务或者履行债务不符合约定，致使不能实现合同目的的，应当双倍返还定金。
Article 588 Where the parties agree on both liquidated damages and earnest money, when a party defaults, the other party may choose to apply either the clause on the liquidated damages or the clause on the earnest money.
第五百八十八条 当事人既约定违约金，又约定定金的，一方违约时，对方可以选择适用违约金或者定金条款。
Where the earnest money is not sufficient to compensate the losses caused by one party’s default, the other party may request compensation for the losses in excess of the amount of the earnest money.
定金不足以弥补一方违约造成的损失的，对方可以请求赔偿超过定金数额的损失。
Article 589 Where a debtor performs his obligation in accordance with the agreement, and the creditor refuses to accept the performance without just cause, the debtor may request the creditor to compensate for any additional expenses.
第五百八十九条 债务人按照约定履行债务，债权人无正当理由拒绝受领的，债务人可以请求债权人赔偿增加的费用。
The debtor does not need to pay interests for the period of delay in acceptance by the creditor.
在债权人受领迟延期间，债务人无须支付利息。
Article 590 Where a party is unable to perform the contract due to force majeure, he shall be exempted from liability in whole or in part according to the impact of the force majeure, unless otherwise provided by law. The party unable to perform the contract due to force majeure shall promptly notify the other party to mitigate the losses that may be caused to the other party, and shall provide proof of the force majeure within a reasonable period of time.
第五百九十条 当事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根据不可抗力的影响，部分或者全部免除责任，但是法律另有规定的除外。因不可抗力不能履行合同的，应当及时通知对方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失，并应当在合理期限内提供证明。
Where the force majeure occurs after a party’s delay in performance, such party’s default liability shall not be exempted.
当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的，不免除其违约责任。
Article 591 After a party defaults, the other party shall take appropriate measures to prevent further loss. Where the loss is aggravated due to the failure of taking appropriate measures, no compensation shall be claimed for the aggravated part of the losses.
第五百九十一条 当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失请求赔偿。
The reasonable expenses incurred by a party in preventing the aggravation of the loss shall be borne by the breaching party.
当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用，由违约方负担。
Article 592 Where both parties default, each shall bear corresponding liabilities.
第五百九十二条 当事人都违反合同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。
Where one party’s default causes loss to the other party, and the other party’s fault contributes to the occurrence of such loss, the amount of compensation may be mitigated accordingly.
当事人一方违约造成对方损失，对方对损失的发生有过错的，可以减少相应的损失赔偿额。
Article 593 A party who breaches a contract due to a third person’s reason shall bear default liability to the other party in accordance with law. The dispute between the breaching party and the third person shall be handled in accordance with the provisions of law or their agreement.
第五百九十三条 当事人一方因第三人的原因造成违约的，应当依法向对方承担违约责任。当事人一方和第三人之间的纠纷，依照法律规定或者按照约定处理。
Article 594 The limitation period for filing a lawsuit or applying for arbitration on a dispute arising from a contract for international sale of goods and a contract for the import and export of technology is four years.
第五百九十四条 因国际货物买卖合同和技术进出口合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的时效期间为四年。
Part Two Typical Contracts
第二分编 典型合同
Chapter IX Sales Contracts
第九章 买卖合同
Article 595 A sales contract is a contract under which a seller transfers his ownership over the subject matter to a buyer who pays the price in return.
第五百九十五条 买卖合同是出卖人转移标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。
Article 596 A sales contract generally contains clauses specifying the name, quantity, quality, and price of the subject matter, the time period, place, and method of performance, the packaging, the standard and methods for inspection, the mode of settlement, the language used in the contract, the validity thereof, and the like.
第五百九十六条 买卖合同的内容一般包括标的物的名称、数量、质量、价款、履行期限、履行地点和方式、包装方式、检验标准和方法、结算方式、合同使用的文字及其效力等条款。
Article 597 If the ownership of a subject matter is unable to be transferred owing to the fact that the seller fails to obtain the right of disposal, the buyer may rescind the contract and request the seller to bear default liability.
第五百九十七条 因出卖人未取得处分权致使标的物所有权不能转移的，买受人可以解除合同并请求出卖人承担违约责任。
Where there are laws, administrative regulations prohibiting or restricting the transfer of a subject matter, such provisions shall be followed.
法律、行政法规禁止或者限制转让的标的物，依照其规定。
Article 598 A seller shall perform its obligation of delivering the subject matter or the documents for taking delivery thereof, and transferring the ownership over the subject matter to the buyer.
第五百九十八条 出卖人应当履行向买受人交付标的物或者交付提取标的物的单证，并转移标的物所有权的义务。
Article 599 A seller shall deliver the relevant certificates and information other than the documents for taking delivery of the subject matter to the buyer in accordance with the contract or the course of dealing.
第五百九十九条 出卖人应当按照约定或者交易习惯向买受人交付提取标的物单证以外的有关单证和资料。
Article 600 Where a subject matter to be sold involves intellectual property rights, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties, the intellectual property rights thereof does not belong to the buyer.
第六百条 出卖具有知识产权的标的物的，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定外，该标的物的知识产权不属于买受人。
Article 601 A seller shall deliver the subject matter at a time as agreed in the contract. Where a time period for delivery is stipulated in the contract, the seller may deliver the subject matter at any time within such period.
第六百零一条 出卖人应当按照约定的时间交付标的物。约定交付期限的，出卖人可以在该交付期限内的任何时间交付。
Article 602 Where there is no agreement between the parties on the time period for delivery or the agreement is unclear, the provisions of Article 510 and Subparagraph (4) of Article 511 of this Code shall be applied.
第六百零二条 当事人没有约定标的物的交付期限或者约定不明确的，适用本法第五百一十条、第五百一十一条第四项的规定。
Article 603 A seller shall deliver the subject matter at the agreed place of delivery.
第六百零三条 出卖人应当按照约定的地点交付标的物。
Where there is no agreement between the parties on the place of delivery or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the following provisions shall be applied:
当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定：
(1) where the subject matter needs to be transported, the seller shall consign it to the first carrier for its delivery to the buyer; and
（一）标的物需要运输的，出卖人应当将标的物交付给第一承运人以运交给买受人；
(2) where the subject matter does not need to be transported, if the seller and the buyer know the location of the subject matter when they conclude the contract, the seller shall deliver the subject matter at the said location; if the location of the subject matter is unknown, the seller shall deliver the subject matter at the seller's place of business at the time when the contract is concluded.
（二）标的物不需要运输，出卖人和买受人订立合同时知道标的物在某一地点的，出卖人应当在该地点交付标的物；不知道标的物在某一地点的，应当在出卖人订立合同时的营业地交付标的物。
Article 604 The risks of destruction, damage, or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the seller prior to the delivery and by the buyer after the delivery, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第六百零四条 标的物毁损、灭失的风险，在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担，交付之后由买受人承担，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 605 Where a subject matter fails to be delivered within the agreed time limit owing to the buyer’s reason, the buyer shall bear the risks of destruction, damage, or loss of the subject matter from the time he breaches the agreement.
第六百零五条 因买受人的原因致使标的物未按照约定的期限交付的，买受人应当自违反约定时起承担标的物毁损、灭失的风险。
Article 606 Where a seller sells a subject matter en route that has been consigned to a carrier for transport, unless otherwise ageed by the parties, the risks of destruction, damage, or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the buyer from the time when the contract is formed.
第六百零六条 出卖人出卖交由承运人运输的在途标的物，除当事人另有约定外，毁损、灭失的风险自合同成立时起由买受人承担。
Article 607 A buyer shall bear the risks of destruction, damage, or loss of the subject matter when the seller has transported the subject matter to the place designated by the buyer and delivered to the carrier in accordance with the agreement.
第六百零七条 出卖人按照约定将标的物运送至买受人指定地点并交付给承运人后，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担。
Where there is no agreement between the parties on the place of delivery or the agreement is unclear, if the subject matter needs to be transported according to Subparagraph (1) of the second paragraph of Article 603 of this Code, the buyer shall bear the risks of destruction, damage, or loss of the subject matter when the seller consigns the subject matter to the first carrier for transport.
当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依据本法第六百零三条第二款第一项的规定标的物需要运输的，出卖人将标的物交付给第一承运人后，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担。
Article 608 Where a seller has placed the subject matter at the place of delivery in accordance with the agreement or the provisions of Subparagraph (2) of the second paragraph of Article 603 of this Code, if the buyer fails to take delivery thereof in default, the risks of destruction, damage, or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the buyer from the time the buyer defaults.
第六百零八条 出卖人按照约定或者依据本法第六百零三条第二款第二项的规定将标的物置于交付地点，买受人违反约定没有收取的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险自违反约定时起由买受人承担。
Article 609 A seller's failure to deliver the documents and information of the subject matter in accordance with the agreement does not affect the shift of the risks of destruction, damage, or loss of the subject matter.
第六百零九条 出卖人按照约定未交付有关标的物的单证和资料的，不影响标的物毁损、灭失风险的转移。
Article 610 Where a subject matter fails to meet the quality requirements so that the purpose of the contract cannot be achieved, the buyer may refuse to accept the subject matter or may rescind the contract. Where the buyer refuses to accept the subject matter or rescind the contract, the risks of destruction, damage, or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the seller.
第六百一十条 因标的物不符合质量要求，致使不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同。买受人拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担。
Article 611 Where a seller’s performance is not in conformity with the agreement, the assumption of the risks of destruction, damage, or loss of the subject matter by the buyer does not affect the buyer's right to request the seller to bear default liability.
第六百一十一条 标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担的，不影响因出卖人履行义务不符合约定，买受人请求其承担违约责任的权利。
Article 612 A seller has an obligation to guarantee that no third person has any right over the subject matter delivered, unless otherwise provided by law.
第六百一十二条 出卖人就交付的标的物，负有保证第三人对该标的物不享有任何权利的义务，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Article 613 Where, at the time a contract is concluded, the buyer knows or should have known that a third person has a right over the subject matter of the contract, the seller shall not assume the obligation provided in the preceding Article.
第六百一十三条 买受人订立合同时知道或者应当知道第三人对买卖的标的物享有权利的，出卖人不承担前条规定的义务。
Article 614 Where a buyer has a definite evidence to prove that a third person has a right over the subject matter, he may suspend payment therefor, unless the seller has provided an appropriate bond.
第六百一十四条 买受人有确切证据证明第三人对标的物享有权利的，可以中止支付相应的价款，但是出卖人提供适当担保的除外。
Article 615 A seller shall deliver the subject matter in conformity with the quality requirements as agreed by the parties. Where the seller provides quality specifications of the subject matter, the subject matter delivered shall conform to the specified quality requirements.
第六百一十五条 出卖人应当按照约定的质量要求交付标的物。出卖人提供有关标的物质量说明的，交付的标的物应当符合该说明的质量要求。
Article 616 Where there is no agreement between the parties on the quality requirements of the subject matter or the agreement is unclear, if the quality requirements cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the provisions of Subparagraph (1) of Article 511 of this Code shall be applied.
第六百一十六条 当事人对标的物的质量要求没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，适用本法第五百一十一条第一项的规定。
Article 617 Where a subject matter delivered by the seller fails to meet the quality requirements, the buyer may request the seller to bear default liability in accordance with the provisions of Article 582 to 584 of this Code.
第六百一十七条 出卖人交付的标的物不符合质量要求的，买受人可以依据本法第五百八十二条至第五百八十四条的规定请求承担违约责任。
Article 618 Where the parties agree to alleviate or exempt the seller’s liability for the defects of the subject matter, if the seller, intentionally or by gross negligence, fails to inform the buyer about the defect of the subject matter, he has no right to claim alleviation or exemption of the liability.
第六百一十八条 当事人约定减轻或者免除出卖人对标的物瑕疵承担的责任，因出卖人故意或者重大过失不告知买受人标的物瑕疵的，出卖人无权主张减轻或者免除责任。
Article 619 A seller shall deliver the subject matter in compliance with the packaging method as agreed in the contract. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the packaging method or the agreement is unclear, if the packing method cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the subject matter shall be packed in a general way, or, in the absence of a general way, in a manner sufficient to protect the subject matter and conducive to saving resources and protecting the ecological environment.
第六百一十九条 出卖人应当按照约定的包装方式交付标的物。对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照通用的方式包装；没有通用方式的，应当采取足以保护标的物且有利于节约资源、保护生态环境的包装方式。
Article 620 After a buyer receives the subject matter, he shall inspect it within the agreed period for inspection. If there is no agreed period for inspection, the buyer shall inspect it in a timely manner.
第六百二十条 买受人收到标的物时应当在约定的检验期限内检验。没有约定检验期限的，应当及时检验。
Article 621 Where the parties have agreed on a period for inspection, the buyer shall, within the period for inspection, notify the seller of any inconformity of the subject matter with the agreed quantity or quality. If notice is not given to the seller owing to the buyer’s indolence, the subject matter is deemed to be in conformity with the agreed quantity or quality.
第六百二十一条 当事人约定检验期限的，买受人应当在检验期限内将标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的情形通知出卖人。买受人怠于通知的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定。
Where the parties have not agreed on a period for inspection, the buyer shall notify the seller of any inconformity of the subject matter with the agreed quantity or quality within a reasonable period of time after he discovers or should have discovered the inconformity. Where the buyer fails to notify the seller within a reasonable period of time or within two years after he takes delivery of the subject matter, the subject matter shall be deemed to be in conformity with the agreed quantity or quality, except that where there is a warranty period within which the quality of the subject matter is guaranteed, the warranty period shall be applied.
当事人没有约定检验期限的，买受人应当在发现或者应当发现标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的合理期限内通知出卖人。买受人在合理期限内未通知或者自收到标的物之日起二年内未通知出卖人的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定；但是，对标的物有质量保证期的，适用质量保证期，不适用该二年的规定。
Where a seller knows or should have known that the subject matter delivered does not conform to the agreement, the buyer is not subject to the time limit for notification as provided in the preceding two paragraphs.
出卖人知道或者应当知道提供的标的物不符合约定的，买受人不受前两款规定的通知时间的限制。
Article 622 Where a period for inspection agreed by the parties is excessively short, and it is difficult for the buyer to complete a comprehensive inspection within such a period by virtue of the nature of the subject matter and in accordance with the course of dealing, such period shall be deemed only as a period for the buyer to raise objections to the patent defects of the subject matter.
第六百二十二条 当事人约定的检验期限过短，根据标的物的性质和交易习惯，买受人在检验期限内难以完成全面检验的，该期限仅视为买受人对标的物的外观瑕疵提出异议的期限。
Where an agreed period for inspection or a warranty period for quality guarantee is shorter than the period provided by the relevant laws and administrative regulations, the latter shall prevail.
约定的检验期限或者质量保证期短于法律、行政法规规定期限的，应当以法律、行政法规规定的期限为准。
Article 623 Where the parties have not agreed on an inspection period, and the buyer has signed a delivery note, confirmation slip, or the like document on which the quantity, model, and specifications of the subject matter are stated, the buyer shall be presumed to have inspected the quantity and the patent defects of the subject matter, unless there is sufficient evidence to overturn such a presumption.
第六百二十三条 当事人对检验期限未作约定，买受人签收的送货单、确认单等载明标的物数量、型号、规格的，推定买受人已经对数量和外观瑕疵进行检验，但是有相关证据足以推翻的除外。
Article 624 Where a seller delivers a subject matter to a third person according to the instructions given by the buyer, if the inspection standard agreed between the seller and the buyer are inconsistent with that agreed between the buyer and the third person, the inspection standard agreed between the seller and the buyer shall prevail.
第六百二十四条 出卖人依照买受人的指示向第三人交付标的物，出卖人和买受人约定的检验标准与买受人和第三人约定的检验标准不一致的，以出卖人和买受人约定的检验标准为准。
Article 625 Where, in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations or as agreed by the parties, the subject matter shall be recycled after expiration of its valid service life, the seller has the obligation to recycle the subject matter by himself or by an authorized third person.
第六百二十五条 依照法律、行政法规的规定或者按照当事人的约定，标的物在有效使用年限届满后应予回收的，出卖人负有自行或者委托第三人对标的物予以回收的义务。
Article 626 A buyer shall make payment in accordance with the agreed amount and method of payment. where there is no agreement between the parties on the amount of price or the method of payment, or the agreement is unclear, the provisions of Article 510 and Subparagraph (2) and (5) of Article 511 of this Code shall be applied.
第六百二十六条 买受人应当按照约定的数额和支付方式支付价款。对价款的数额和支付方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第五百一十条、第五百一十一条第二项和第五项的规定。
Article 627 A buyer shall make payment at the place agreed in the contract. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the place of payment, or the agreement is unclear, if the place cannot be determined in accordance with the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the buyer shall make the payment at the seller’s place of business, except that payment shall be made at the place where the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof is delivered if the payment is conditioned upon the delivery of the subject matter.
第六百二十七条 买受人应当按照约定的地点支付价款。对支付地点没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在出卖人的营业地支付；但是，约定支付价款以交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证为条件的，在交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证的所在地支付。
Article 628 A buyer shall make payment at the time agreed in the contract. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the time for payment, or the agreement is unclear, if the time for payment cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the buyer shall make payment at the same time as it receives the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof.
第六百二十八条 买受人应当按照约定的时间支付价款。对支付时间没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在收到标的物或者提取标的物单证的同时支付。
Article 629 Where the amount of the subject matter delivered by a seller exceeds the agreed amount, the buyer may accept or refuse to accept the excessive part. Where the buyer accepts the excessive part, it shall pay for it at the price agreed in the contract. If the buyer refuses to accept the excessive part, he shall notify the seller in a timely manner.
第六百二十九条 出卖人多交标的物的，买受人可以接收或者拒绝接收多交的部分。买受人接收多交部分的，按照约定的价格支付价款；买受人拒绝接收多交部分的，应当及时通知出卖人。
Article 630 Any proceeds accrued from the subject matter before delivery shall belong to the seller and any proceeds accrued from the subject matter after delivery shall belong to the buyer, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第六百三十条 标的物在交付之前产生的孳息，归出卖人所有；交付之后产生的孳息，归买受人所有。但是，当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 631 Where a contract is rescinded due to the inconformity of the principal subject matter with the agreed requirements, the effect of the rescission shall be effective against the accessory subject matter. Where a contract is rescinded due to the inconformity of the accessory subject matter with the agreed requirements, the effect of the rescission shall be effective against the principal subject matter.
第六百三十一条 因标的物的主物不符合约定而解除合同的，解除合同的效力及于从物。因标的物的从物不符合约定被解除的，解除的效力不及于主物。
Article 632 Where the object of a contract is composed of several subject matters, if one of them fails to conform to the requirements agreed in the contract, the buyer may rescind the part of the contract in connection with that subject matter. However, where separation of the said subject matter from the other subject matters is to markedly harm the value of the subject matters of the contract, the buyer may rescind the contract in connection with the multiple subject matters concerned.
第六百三十二条 标的物为数物，其中一物不符合约定的，买受人可以就该物解除。但是，该物与他物分离使标的物的价值显受损害的，买受人可以就数物解除合同。
Article 633 Where the subject matters are to be delivered by installment, if a seller fails to deliver one lot of the subject matters, or has delivered the lot in a manner not in conformity with the agreement, so that the purpose of the contract in connection with the said lot cannot be achieved, the buyer may rescind the part of the contract in connection with the said lot.
第六百三十三条 出卖人分批交付标的物的，出卖人对其中一批标的物不交付或者交付不符合约定，致使该批标的物不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批标的物解除。
Where a seller fails to deliver one lot of the subject matters, or delivered the lot in a manner not in conformity with the agreement, so that the subsequent delivery of the remaining lots cannot achieve the purpose of the contract, the buyer may rescind the part of the contract in connection with the said lot and the remaining lots.
出卖人不交付其中一批标的物或者交付不符合约定，致使之后其他各批标的物的交付不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以就该批以及之后其他各批标的物解除。
Where a buyer has rescinded a part of the contract in connection with one lot of the subject matters, if the said lot and any other lot are interdependent on each other, the buyer may rescind the contract in connection with all the lots disregarding whether they have been delivered or not.
买受人如果就其中一批标的物解除，该批标的物与其他各批标的物相互依存的，可以就已经交付和未交付的各批标的物解除。
Article 634 Where a buyer under an installment contract fails to make payment and the unpaid amount reaches one-fifth of the total price, if the buyer still fails to pay the due installment amount within a reasonable period of time after being demanded, the seller may request the buyer to pay the total sum or he may rescind the contract.
第六百三十四条 分期付款的买受人未支付到期价款的数额达到全部价款的五分之一，经催告后在合理期限内仍未支付到期价款的，出卖人可以请求买受人支付全部价款或者解除合同。
The seller who rescinds the contract may request the buyer to pay a fee for the use of the subject matter.
出卖人解除合同的，可以向买受人请求支付该标的物的使用费。
Article 635 The parties to a sale by sample shall seal up the sample and may make specifications of its quality. The subject matter delivered by the seller shall be identical in quality with the sample and its specifications.
第六百三十五条 凭样品买卖的当事人应当封存样品，并可以对样品质量予以说明。出卖人交付的标的物应当与样品及其说明的质量相同。
Article 636 Where a buyer to a sale by sample is unaware of the sample's hidden defects, even if the subject matter delivered is identical with the sample, the quality of the subject matter delivered by the seller shall still conform to the general standard for the same category of goods.
第六百三十六条 凭样品买卖的买受人不知道样品有隐蔽瑕疵的，即使交付的标的物与样品相同，出卖人交付的标的物的质量仍然应当符合同种物的通常标准。
Article 637 The parties to a sale on trial use may agree on a period for trial use of the subject matter. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the period for trial use or the agreement is unclear, if the period for trial use cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, it shall be determined by the seller.
第六百三十七条 试用买卖的当事人可以约定标的物的试用期限。对试用期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，由出卖人确定。
Article 638 A buyer to a sale on trial use may purchase or refuse to purchase the subject matter within the period for trial use. Where, upon expiration of the period for trial use, the buyer makes no indication as to whether to purchase it or not, the buyer is deemed to have purchased the subject matter.
第六百三十八条 试用买卖的买受人在试用期内可以购买标的物，也可以拒绝购买。试用期限届满，买受人对是否购买标的物未作表示的，视为购买。
If a buyer to a sale on trial use has, within the period for the trial use, already made partial payment or has sold, leased, created a security interest in the subject matter, the buyer is deemed to have agreed to purchase it.
试用买卖的买受人在试用期内已经支付部分价款或者对标的物实施出卖、出租、设立担保物权等行为的，视为同意购买。
Article 639 Where there is no agreement between the parties to a sale on trial use on the fee for the use of the subject matter, or the agreement is unclear, the seller has no right to request the buyer to pay such fee.
第六百三十九条 试用买卖的当事人对标的物使用费没有约定或者约定不明确的，出卖人无权请求买受人支付。
Article 640 The risks of destruction, damage, or loss of the subject matter shall be borne by the seller within the period for the trial use.
第六百四十条 标的物在试用期内毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担。
Article 641 The parties may agree in a sales contract that the seller retains the ownership of the subject matter if the buyer fails to pay the price or perform other obligations.
第六百四十一条 当事人可以在买卖合同中约定买受人未履行支付价款或者其他义务的，标的物的所有权属于出卖人。
The ownership of the subject matter retained by a seller, without being registered, shall not be asserted against a bona fide third.
出卖人对标的物保留的所有权，未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
Article 642 Where the parties agree that the seller shall retain the ownership of the subject matter of the contract, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the seller has the right to take back the subject matter if the buyer falls under any of the following circumstances before such ownership is transferred and losses are thus caused to the seller:
第六百四十二条 当事人约定出卖人保留合同标的物的所有权，在标的物所有权转移前，买受人有下列情形之一，造成出卖人损害的，除当事人另有约定外，出卖人有权取回标的物：
(1) the buyer fails to make payment in accordance with the contract, and fails to pay it within a reasonable period of time after being demanded;
（一）未按照约定支付价款，经催告后在合理期限内仍未支付；
(2) the buyer fails to fulfill the specific conditions in accordance with the contract; or
（二）未按照约定完成特定条件；
(3) the buyer sells, pledges, or otherwise improperly disposes of the subject matter.
（三）将标的物出卖、出质或者作出其他不当处分。
The seller may negotiate with the buyer to take back the subject matter. Where such negotiation fails, the procedures for enforcement of security interests may be applied mutatis mutandis.
出卖人可以与买受人协商取回标的物；协商不成的，可以参照适用担保物权的实现程序。
Article 643 After a seller has taken back the subject matter according to the first paragraph of the preceding Article, the buyer may request to redeem the subject matter if he eliminates the cause for the seller’s retrieving of the subject matter within a reasonable period of redemption agreed by the parties or set by the seller.
第六百四十三条 出卖人依据前条第一款的规定取回标的物后，买受人在双方约定或者出卖人指定的合理回赎期限内，消除出卖人取回标的物的事由的，可以请求回赎标的物。
Where a buyer does not redeem the subject matter within the redemption period, the seller may sell the subject matter to a third person at a reasonable price. After deducting from the sale proceeds the amount unpaid by the buyer and the necessary expenses, any balance shall be returned to the buyer; if the sale proceeds are insufficient to cover the unpaid amount and the other necessary expenses, the deficiency shall be paid by the buyer.
买受人在回赎期限内没有回赎标的物，出卖人可以以合理价格将标的物出卖给第三人，出卖所得价款扣除买受人未支付的价款以及必要费用后仍有剩余的，应当返还买受人；不足部分由买受人清偿。
Article 644 The rights and obligations of the parties to a sale through bidding, as well as the procedures for the bidding, shall be governed by the provisions of the relevant laws and administrative regulations.
第六百四十四条 招标投标买卖的当事人的权利和义务以及招标投标程序等，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。
Article 645 The rights and obligations of the parties to an auction, as well as the procedures of the auction, shall be governed by the provisions of the relevant laws and administrative regulations.
第六百四十五条 拍卖的当事人的权利和义务以及拍卖程序等，依照有关法律、行政法规的规定。
Article 646 Where there are provisions of laws governing other non-gratuitous contracts, such provisions shall be followed. In an absence of such a provision, the relevant provisions on sales contracts shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第六百四十六条 法律对其他有偿合同有规定的，依照其规定；没有规定的，参照适用买卖合同的有关规定。
Article 647 Where the parties agree to transfer the ownership of the subject matter by barter trade, the relevant provisions on sales contracts shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第六百四十七条 当事人约定易货交易，转移标的物的所有权的，参照适用买卖合同的有关规定。
Chapter X Contracts for the Supply and Consumption of Electricity, Water, Gas, or Heat
第十章 供用电、水、气、热力合同
Article 648 A contract for the supply and consumption of electricity is a contract under which a supplier provides electricity to the consumer who pays the price in return.
第六百四十八条 供用电合同是供电人向用电人供电，用电人支付电费的合同。
A supplier providing electricity to the public shall not refuse a reasonable request of a consumer to conclude a contract.
向社会公众供电的供电人，不得拒绝用电人合理的订立合同要求。
Article 649 A contract for the supply and consumption of electricity generally contains clauses specifying the mode, quality and time of the supply, the volume, address, and nature of the consumption, the measuring method, the price, the settlement method of electricity fees, the responsibility for the maintenance of electricity supply and consumption facilities, and the like.
第六百四十九条 供用电合同的内容一般包括供电的方式、质量、时间，用电容量、地址、性质，计量方式，电价、电费的结算方式，供用电设施的维护责任等条款。
Article 650 The place of performance of a contract for the supply and consumption of electricity shall be agreed by the parties; if there is no agreement between the parties or the agreement is unclear, the place of demarcation of the property rights in the electricity supply facilities shall be the place of performance.
第六百五十条 供用电合同的履行地点，按照当事人约定；当事人没有约定或者约定不明确的，供电设施的产权分界处为履行地点。
Article 651 A supplier of electricity shall safely supply electricity in accordance with the quality standard for power supply set by the State and in the agreement. Where a supplier fails to safely supply electricity in accordance with the quality standard for power supply set by the State or in the agreement, thus causing losses to the consumer, the supplier shall bear the liability for compensation.
第六百五十一条 供电人应当按照国家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电。供电人未按照国家规定的供电质量标准和约定安全供电，造成用电人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 652 Where a supplier of electricity needs to cut off electricity supply due to scheduled or unscheduled overhauls of the electricity supply facilities, restriction on electricity consumption in accordance with law, or consumer's illegal consumption of the electricity, and the like, he shall notify the consumer in advance in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State. Where a supplier cuts off the electricity supply without notifying the consumer in advance, thus causing losses to the consumer, the supplier shall bear the liability for compensation.
第六百五十二条 供电人因供电设施计划检修、临时检修、依法限电或者用电人违法用电等原因，需要中断供电时，应当按照国家有关规定事先通知用电人；未事先通知用电人中断供电，造成用电人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 653 A supplier of electricity shall rush to repair without delay in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State whenever the electricity supply is cut off due to such reasons as natural disasters. Where the supplier fails to do so and thus causes losses to the consumer, the supplier shall bear the liability for compensation.
第六百五十三条 因自然灾害等原因断电，供电人应当按照国家有关规定及时抢修；未及时抢修，造成用电人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 654 A consumer of electricity shall pay the electricity fees in time in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State and the agreement between the parties.
第六百五十四条 用电人应当按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定及时支付电费。
Where a consumer fails to pay the electricity fees due, he shall pay the agreed liquidated damages. Where a consumer, after being demanded, still fails to pay the electricity fees and the liquidated damages within a reasonable period of time, the supplier may stop the supply of electricity in accordance with the procedures provided by the State.
用电人逾期不支付电费的，应当按照约定支付违约金。经催告用电人在合理期限内仍不支付电费和违约金的，供电人可以按照国家规定的程序中止供电。
Where a supplier stops the supply of electricity in accordance with the provision of the preceding paragraph, it shall notify the consumer in advance.
供电人依据前款规定中止供电的，应当事先通知用电人。
Article 655 A consumer shall use the electricity in a safe, economical and planned manner in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State and the agreement between the parties. Where a consumer fails to use the electricity in accordance with the relevant regulations of the State or the agreement between the parties, and thus causes losses to the supplier, the consumer shall bear the liability for compensation.
第六百五十五条 用电人应当按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定安全、节约和计划用电。用电人未按照国家有关规定和当事人的约定用电，造成供电人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 656 The provisions of the contract for the supply and consumption of electricity shall be applied mutatis mutandis to contracts for the supply and consumption of water, gas, or heat.
第六百五十六条 供用水、供用气、供用热力合同，参照适用供用电合同的有关规定。
Chapter XI Gift Contracts
第十一章 赠与合同
Article 657 A gift contract is a contract under which a donor gives his own property to a donee gratuitously, and the donee indicates his acceptance of the gift.
第六百五十七条 赠与合同是赠与人将自己的财产无偿给予受赠人，受赠人表示接受赠与的合同。
Article 658 A donor may revoke the gift prior to the transfer of the rights in the gifted property.
第六百五十八条 赠与人在赠与财产的权利转移之前可以撤销赠与。
The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not apply to a notarized gift contract, or a gift contract of a public interest or moral obligation nature that shall, in accordance with law, not be revoked, such as a gift contract for disaster-relief, poverty-relief, disability-relief, or the like purposes.
经过公证的赠与合同或者依法不得撤销的具有救灾、扶贫、助残等公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同，不适用前款规定。
Article 659 The gifted property shall go through registration or another procedure if the law so requires.
第六百五十九条 赠与的财产依法需要办理登记或者其他手续的，应当办理有关手续。
Article 660 For a notarized gift contract or a gift contract of a public interest or moral obligation nature that shall in accordance with law not be revoked, such as a contract for disaster-relief, poverty-relief, disability-relief, or the like purposes, where the donor does not deliver the gifted property, the donee may request such delivery.
第六百六十条 经过公证的赠与合同或者依法不得撤销的具有救灾、扶贫、助残等公益、道德义务性质的赠与合同，赠与人不交付赠与财产的，受赠人可以请求交付。
Where the gifted property that shall be delivered in accordance with the preceding paragraph is destructed, damaged, or lost due to the donor’s intentional act or by his gross negligence, the donor shall bear the liability for compensation.
依据前款规定应当交付的赠与财产因赠与人故意或者重大过失致使毁损、灭失的，赠与人应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 661 A gift may be subject to an obligation.
第六百六十一条 赠与可以附义务。
Where a gift is subject to an obligation, the donee shall perform the obligation in accordance with the agreement.
赠与附义务的，受赠人应当按照约定履行义务。
Article 662 A donor is not liable for any defect of the gifted property. Where a gift is subject to an obligation, if the gifted property has defects, the donor shall, to the extent of the attached obligation, bear the same liabilities as a seller.
第六百六十二条 赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人不承担责任。附义务的赠与，赠与的财产有瑕疵的，赠与人在附义务的限度内承担与出卖人相同的责任。
Where a donor intentionally fails to notify the donee about the defect of the gifted property or has made a warranty therefor, thus causing losses to the donee, the donor shall bear the liability for compensation.
赠与人故意不告知瑕疵或者保证无瑕疵，造成受赠人损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 663 A donor may revoke the gift if the donee has done any of the following acts:
第六百六十三条 受赠人有下列情形之一的，赠与人可以撤销赠与：
(1) severely infringing upon the lawful rights and interests of the donor or any close relative of the donor;
（一）严重侵害赠与人或者赠与人近亲属的合法权益；
(2) having an obligation to support the donor but failing to perform that obligation; or
（二）对赠与人有扶养义务而不履行；
(3) failing to perform the obligation as agreed in the gift contract.
（三）不履行赠与合同约定的义务。
The right to revocation of the donor shall be exercised within one year from the date the donor knows or should have known of the cause for revocation.
赠与人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起一年内行使。
Article 664 Where a donee's illegal act leads to the death or loss of capacity for performing civil juristic acts of the donor, the donor’s heir or legal representative may revoke the gift.
第六百六十四条 因受赠人的违法行为致使赠与人死亡或者丧失民事行为能力的，赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人可以撤销赠与。
The right to revocation of the donor's heir or his legal representative shall be exercised within six months from the date the heir or the legal representative knows or should have known of the cause for revocation.
赠与人的继承人或者法定代理人的撤销权，自知道或者应当知道撤销事由之日起六个月内行使。
Article 665 Upon revocation of a gift, the person having the right to revocation may request the donee to return the gifted property.
第六百六十五条 撤销权人撤销赠与的，可以向受赠人请求返还赠与的财产。
Article 666 Where a donor’s financial situation markedly deteriorates and his production, business, or family life is thus severely affected, he may cease to perform the obligation of delivering the gift.
第六百六十六条 赠与人的经济状况显著恶化，严重影响其生产经营或者家庭生活的，可以不再履行赠与义务。
Chapter XII Loan Contracts
第十二章 借款合同
Article 667 A loan contract is a contract under which a borrower borrows a loan from a lender and repays the loan with interests when the loan becomes due.
第六百六十七条 借款合同是借款人向贷款人借款，到期返还借款并支付利息的合同。
Article 668 A loan contract shall be made in writing, except for a loan between natural persons who agree otherwise.
第六百六十八条 借款合同应当采用书面形式，但是自然人之间借款另有约定的除外。
A loan contract generally contains clauses specifying the category of the loan, kind of currency, purpose of use, amount, interest rate, term, and the method of repayment, and the like.
借款合同的内容一般包括借款种类、币种、用途、数额、利率、期限和还款方式等条款。
Article 669 Upon concluding a loan contract, a borrower shall, as required by the lender, provide true information about its business activities and financial conditions related to the borrowing to the lender.
第六百六十九条 订立借款合同，借款人应当按照贷款人的要求提供与借款有关的业务活动和财务状况的真实情况。
Article 670 The interest on a loan may not be deducted from the principal in advance. Where the interest is deducted from the principal in advance, the loan shall be repaid and the interest shall be calculated according to the actual amount of the loan provided.
第六百七十条 借款的利息不得预先在本金中扣除。利息预先在本金中扣除的，应当按照实际借款数额返还借款并计算利息。
Article 671 A lender who fails to provide the loan at the agreed time and amount and thus causing losses to the borrower shall bear the liability for compensation.
第六百七十一条 贷款人未按照约定的日期、数额提供借款，造成借款人损失的，应当赔偿损失。
A borrower who fails to take the loan at the agreed time and amount shall pay an interest based on the agreed time and amount.
借款人未按照约定的日期、数额收取借款的，应当按照约定的日期、数额支付利息。
Article 672 A lender may inspect and supervise the use of the loan in accordance with the agreement. A borrower shall regularly provide the relevant financial and accounting statements or other materials to the lender in accordance with the agreement.
第六百七十二条 贷款人按照约定可以检查、监督借款的使用情况。借款人应当按照约定向贷款人定期提供有关财务会计报表或者其他资料。
Article 673 Where a borrower fails to use the loan for a purpose in accordance with the contract, the lender may stop providing the loan, recall the loan prior to its due date, or rescind the contract.
第六百七十三条 借款人未按照约定的借款用途使用借款的，贷款人可以停止发放借款、提前收回借款或者解除合同。
Article 674 A borrower shall pay the interest within the agreed time limit. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the time limit for payment of interest or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the interest shall be paid at the time the principal is repaid if the term of the loan is less than one year; the interest shall be paid at the end of each full year if the term of the loan is more than one year, and the interest shall be paid when the principal is repaid if the remaining term is less than one year.
第六百七十四条 借款人应当按照约定的期限支付利息。对支付利息的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定，借款期间不满一年的，应当在返还借款时一并支付；借款期间一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期间不满一年的，应当在返还借款时一并支付。
Article 675 A borrower shall repay the loan within the agreed time limit. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the time limist of repayment of the loan, or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the borrower may repay the loan at any time, and the lender may demand the borrower to repay the loan within a reasonable period of time.
第六百七十五条 借款人应当按照约定的期限返还借款。对借款期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，借款人可以随时返还；贷款人可以催告借款人在合理期限内返还。
Article 676 A borrower who fails to repay the loan within the agreed time limit shall pay an overdue interest in accordance with the agreement or the relevant regulations of the State.
第六百七十六条 借款人未按照约定的期限返还借款的，应当按照约定或者国家有关规定支付逾期利息。
Article 677 Where a borrower makes a prepayment of the loan, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the interest shall be calculated according to the actual duration of the loan.
第六百七十七条 借款人提前返还借款的，除当事人另有约定外，应当按照实际借款的期间计算利息。
Article 678 A borrower may apply to the lender for an extension of the term of the loan before the loan becomes due. The term of the loan may be extended upon consent of the lender.
第六百七十八条 借款人可以在还款期限届满前向贷款人申请展期；贷款人同意的，可以展期。
Article 679 A loan contract between natural persons is formed at the time when the lender provides the loan.
第六百七十九条 自然人之间的借款合同，自贷款人提供借款时成立。
Article 680 Usurious loans are prohibited, and the interest rate for lending shall not violate the relevant regulations of the State.
第六百八十条 禁止高利放贷，借款的利率不得违反国家有关规定。
Where there is no agreement on payment of interest in the loan contract, the loan shall be deemed as bearing no interest.
借款合同对支付利息没有约定的，视为没有利息。
Where the agreement on the payment of interest in a loan contract is unclear, if the parties are unable to reach a supplementary agreement, the interest shall be determined by taking account of the practices of the local area or between the parties such as the method of transaction, course of dealing, the market interest rate, and the like. Where the loan is between nature persons, the loan shall be deemed as bearing no interest.
借款合同对支付利息约定不明确，当事人不能达成补充协议的，按照当地或者当事人的交易方式、交易习惯、市场利率等因素确定利息；自然人之间借款的，视为没有利息。
Chapter XIII Suretyship Contracts
第十三章 保证合同
Section 1 General Rules
第一节 一般规定
Article 681 A suretyship contract is a contract under which a surety and a creditor agree, for the purpose of ensuring the enforcement of an underlying claim, that the surety shall perform the obligation or bear the liability when the debtor fails to perform it when it is due or a circumstance as agreed by the parties occurs.
第六百八十一条 保证合同是为保障债权的实现，保证人和债权人约定，当债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的情形时，保证人履行债务或者承担责任的合同。
Article 682 A suretyship contract is an accessary contract subordinated to a principal claim-obligation contract. Where the principal contract is invalid, the suretyship contract is invalid, unless otherwise provided by law.
第六百八十二条 保证合同是主债权债务合同的从合同。主债权债务合同无效的，保证合同无效，但是法律另有规定的除外。
Where a suretyship contract is determined to be invalid, the debtor, surety, or creditor who are at fault shall each bear civil liability in proportion to their respective fault.
保证合同被确认无效后，债务人、保证人、债权人有过错的，应当根据其过错各自承担相应的民事责任。
Article 683 No State-organ leagal person may act as a surety, except that a state organ may, upon approval of the State Council, act as a surety in re-lending of the loans granted by a foreign government or an international economic organization.
第六百八十三条 机关法人不得为保证人，但是经国务院批准为使用外国政府或者国际经济组织贷款进行转贷的除外。
No non-profit legal person established for public interest purposes or unincorporated organization may act as a surety.
以公益为目的的非营利法人、非法人组织不得为保证人。
Article 684 A suretyship contract generally contains clauses specifying the kind and amount of the principal claim that is secured, the time limit for the debtor to perform the obligation, the modes, scope, and term of the suretyship, and the like.
第六百八十四条 保证合同的内容一般包括被保证的主债权的种类、数额，债务人履行债务的期限，保证的方式、范围和期间等条款。
Article 685 A suretyship contract may be a contract concluded separately in writing or a guarantee clause in a principal claim-obligation contract.
第六百八十五条 保证合同可以是单独订立的书面合同，也可以是主债权债务合同中的保证条款。
A suretyship contract is formed when a third person unilaterally makes a guarantee in writing to a creditor who accepts it without making an objection.
第三人单方以书面形式向债权人作出保证，债权人接收且未提出异议的，保证合同成立。
Article 686 Suretyship consists of general suretyship and suretyship with joint and several liability.
第六百八十六条 保证的方式包括一般保证和连带责任保证。
Where there is no agreement in the surety contract on the form of the suretyship or the agreement is unclear, the surety shall bear the liability as in the form of a general suretyship.
当事人在保证合同中对保证方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，按照一般保证承担保证责任。
Article 687 Where the parties agree in a suretyship contract that the surety shall undertake suretyship liability if the debtor is unable to perform his obligation, such a suretyship is a general suretyship.
第六百八十七条 当事人在保证合同中约定，债务人不能履行债务时，由保证人承担保证责任的，为一般保证。
A surety in a general suretyship may refuse to undertake suretyship liability to the creditor before a dispute arising from the principal contract is adjudicated or arbitrated and where the debtor is still unable to fully perform the obligation after his assets have been enforced in accordance with law, unless one of the following circumstances occurs:
一般保证的保证人在主合同纠纷未经审判或者仲裁，并就债务人财产依法强制执行仍不能履行债务前，有权拒绝向债权人承担保证责任，但是有下列情形之一的除外：
(1) the whereabouts of the debtor have been unknown and there is no property available for enforcement;
（一）债务人下落不明，且无财产可供执行；
(2) the people’s court has accepted the debtor’s bankruptcy petition`;
（二）人民法院已经受理债务人破产案件；
(3) the creditor has evidence to prove that the debtor’s property is insufficient to perform all of the obligations or the debtor loses his capacity to perform the obligation; or
（三）债权人有证据证明债务人的财产不足以履行全部债务或者丧失履行债务能力；
(4) the surety waives his right provided in this paragraph in writing.
（四）保证人书面表示放弃本款规定的权利。
Article 688 Where the parties agree in a suretyship contract that the surety and the debtor shall be jointly and severally liable for the obligation, such a suretyship is a suretyship with joint and several liability.
第六百八十八条 当事人在保证合同中约定保证人和债务人对债务承担连带责任的，为连带责任保证。
Where a debtor under a suretyship with joint and several liability fails to perform his obligation due or when a circumstance agreed by the parties occurs, the creditor may request the debtor to perform his obligation, or request the surety to undertake the suretyship liability within the scope of his suretyship.
连带责任保证的债务人不履行到期债务或者发生当事人约定的情形时，债权人可以请求债务人履行债务，也可以请求保证人在其保证范围内承担保证责任。
Article 689 A surety may request the debtor to provide a counter-security.
第六百八十九条 保证人可以要求债务人提供反担保。
Article 690 A surety and a creditor may, through consultation, conclude a contract of maximum suretyship for floating claims to provide guarantee for the creditor’s claims which will arise consecutively within a certain period of time and the total amount of which is up to the maximum amount of his claims.
第六百九十条 保证人与债权人可以协商订立最高额保证的合同，约定在最高债权额限度内就一定期间连续发生的债权提供保证。
In addition to applying the provisions of this Chapter, the relevant provisions of Book Two of this Code on the maximum mortgage for floating claims shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
最高额保证除适用本章规定外，参照适用本法第二编最高额抵押权的有关规定。
Section 2 Suretyship Liability
第二节 保证责任
Article 691 The scope of the suretyship covers the principal claims and the interest thereof, the liquidated damages, compensatory damages, and the expenses for enforcing the claim, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第六百九十一条 保证的范围包括主债权及其利息、违约金、损害赔偿金和实现债权的费用。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。
Article 692 The term of suretyship is the period during which the surety shall undertake suretyship liability, and such period shall not be suspended, interrupted, or extended.
第六百九十二条 保证期间是确定保证人承担保证责任的期间，不发生中止、中断和延长。
A creditor and a surety may agree on the term of suretyship. However, where the expiration date of the agreed term of suretyship is earlier than or the same as the expiration time for performance of the principal obligation, it is deemed as there is no agreement on the term of suretyship. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the term of suretyship or the agreement is unclear, the term of suretyship shall be six months from the date of expiration of the time limit for performance of the principal obligation.
债权人与保证人可以约定保证期间，但是约定的保证期间早于主债务履行期限或者与主债务履行期限同时届满的，视为没有约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，保证期间为主债务履行期限届满之日起六个月。
Where a creditor and a debtor fails to agree on the time limit for performance of the principal obligation or the agreement is unclear, the term of suretyship shall be counted from the date when the grace period for the creditor to request the debtor to perform the obligation expires.
债权人与债务人对主债务履行期限没有约定或者约定不明确的，保证期间自债权人请求债务人履行债务的宽限期届满之日起计算。
Article 693 Where a creditor of a general suretyship fails to file a lawsuit or apply for arbitration against the debtor within the term of suretyship, the surety no longer bears the suretyship liability.
第六百九十三条 一般保证的债权人未在保证期间对债务人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的，保证人不再承担保证责任。
Where a creditor of a suretyship with joint and several liability fails to request the surety to undertake his suretyship liability within the term of suretyship, the surety no longer bears the suretyship liability.
连带责任保证的债权人未在保证期间请求保证人承担保证责任的，保证人不再承担保证责任。
Article 694 Where a creditor of a general suretyship files a lawsuit or apply for arbitration against the debtor prior to the expiration of the term of suretyship, the limitation period of the suretyship obligation shall be counted from the date when the surety’s right to refuse to undertake the suretyship liability is extinguished.
第六百九十四条 一般保证的债权人在保证期间届满前对债务人提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的，从保证人拒绝承担保证责任的权利消灭之日起，开始计算保证债务的诉讼时效。
Where a creditor of a suretyship with joint and several liability requests the surety to undertake his suretyship liability prior to the expiration of the term of suretyship, the limitation period of the suretyship obligation shall be counted from the date when the creditor requests the surety to undertake his suretyship liability.
连带责任保证的债权人在保证期间届满前请求保证人承担保证责任的，从债权人请求保证人承担保证责任之日起，开始计算保证债务的诉讼时效。
Article 695 Where a creditor and a debtor, without the surety’s consent in writing, agree to alter the content of the principal claim-obligation contract, if the obligation is reduced, the surety shall continue to bear the suretyship liability for the altered obligation; if the obligation is increased, the surety shall not bear the suretyship liability for the increased part.
第六百九十五条 债权人和债务人未经保证人书面同意，协商变更主债权债务合同内容，减轻债务的，保证人仍对变更后的债务承担保证责任；加重债务的，保证人对加重的部分不承担保证责任。
Where a creditor and a debtor alter the time limit for performance of the principal claim-obligation contract, the term of suretyship shall not be affected unless upon the surety’s written consent.
债权人和债务人变更主债权债务合同的履行期限，未经保证人书面同意的，保证期间不受影响。
Article 696 Where a creditor transfers his claim in whole or part without notifying the surety, such a transfer is not effective against the surety.
第六百九十六条 债权人转让全部或者部分债权，未通知保证人的，该转让对保证人不发生效力。
Where transfer of a claim is prohibited as agreed between the surety and the creditor, if the creditor transfers its claim without the surety’s written consent, the surety shall no longer bear the suretyship liability.
保证人与债权人约定禁止债权转让，债权人未经保证人书面同意转让债权的，保证人对受让人不再承担保证责任。
Article 697 Where a creditor, without the surety’s written consent, allows the debtor to transfer the obligation in whole or part, the surety shall no longer bear the suretyship liability to the extent of the obligation transferred without his consent, unless otherwise agreed by the creditor and the surety.
第六百九十七条 债权人未经保证人书面同意，允许债务人转移全部或者部分债务，保证人对未经其同意转移的债务不再承担保证责任，但是债权人和保证人另有约定的除外。
Where a third person joins to be one of the debtors, the surety’s liability shall not be affected.
第三人加入债务的，保证人的保证责任不受影响。
Article 698 Upon expiration of the time limit for performance of the principal obligation, if the surety of a general suretyship provides to the creditor true information concerning the debtor’s property available for enforcement, but the creditor waives or fails to exercise his right, and thus causing such property to be unenforceable, the surety shall no longer bear liability to the extent of the value of the said property available for enforcement the information of which is provided by the surety.
第六百九十八条 一般保证的保证人在主债务履行期限届满后，向债权人提供债务人可供执行财产的真实情况，债权人放弃或者怠于行使权利致使该财产不能被执行的，保证人在其提供可供执行财产的价值范围内不再承担保证责任。
Article 699 Where there are two or more sureties guaranteeing one obligation, the sureties shall undertake the suretyship liability in proportion to their share of suretyship in accordance with the suretyship contract. In the absence of such an agreement, the creditor may request any of the sureties to undertake the suretyship liability within the scope of his liability.
第六百九十九条 同一债务有两个以上保证人的，保证人应当按照保证合同约定的保证份额，承担保证责任；没有约定保证份额的，债权人可以请求任何一个保证人在其保证范围内承担保证责任。
Article 700 After a surety has assumed the suretyship liability, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the surety has the right to indemnification against the debtor within the scope of his suretyship liability, and may enjoy the right of the creditor against the debtor, provided that the creditor’s interests shall not be harmed.
第七百条 保证人承担保证责任后，除当事人另有约定外，有权在其承担保证责任的范围内向债务人追偿，享有债权人对债务人的权利，但是不得损害债权人的利益。
Article 701 A surety may claim a defense that the debtor has against the creditor. Where the debtor waives his right of defense, the surety shall still have the right to claim such defense against the creditor.
第七百零一条 保证人可以主张债务人对债权人的抗辩。债务人放弃抗辩的，保证人仍有权向债权人主张抗辩。
Article 702 Where a debtor has the right of offset or revocation against the creditor, the surety may refuse to undertake the suretyship liability within the corresponding scope.
第七百零二条 债务人对债权人享有抵销权或者撤销权的，保证人可以在相应范围内拒绝承担保证责任。
Chapter XIV Lease Contracts
第十四章 租赁合同
Article 703 A lease contract is a contract under which a lessor delivers the leased object to a lessee for use or for obtaining proceeds, for which the lessee pays the rent.
第七百零三条 租赁合同是出租人将租赁物交付承租人使用、收益，承租人支付租金的合同。
Article 704 A lease contract generally contains clauses specifying the name, quantity, purpose of use of the leased object, the term of the lease, rent, and the time limit and method of its payment, and the maintenance of the leased object, and the like.
第七百零四条 租赁合同的内容一般包括租赁物的名称、数量、用途、租赁期限、租金及其支付期限和方式、租赁物维修等条款。
Article 705 The term of a lease may not exceed twenty years. If a lease exceeds twenty years, the part beyond twenty years is invalid.
第七百零五条 租赁期限不得超过二十年。超过二十年的，超过部分无效。
Upon expiration of the lease term, the parties may renew the lease contract, provided that the agreed term of lease may not exceed twenty years from the date of renewal.
租赁期限届满，当事人可以续订租赁合同；但是，约定的租赁期限自续订之日起不得超过二十年。
Article 706 The parties’ failure to register the lease contract in accordance with the provisions of laws and administrative regulations does not affect the validity of the contract.
第七百零六条 当事人未依照法律、行政法规规定办理租赁合同登记备案手续的，不影响合同的效力。
Article 707 A lease contract with a term exceeding six months shall be made in writing. Where the lease contract between the parties is not in writing, if the term can not be determined, the lease shall be deemed as a lease with an indefinite term.
第七百零七条 租赁期限六个月以上的，应当采用书面形式。当事人未采用书面形式，无法确定租赁期限的，视为不定期租赁。
Article 708 A lessor shall deliver the leased object to the lessee in accordance with the agreement and keep the leased object fit for the agreed use during the lease term.
第七百零八条 出租人应当按照约定将租赁物交付承租人，并在租赁期限内保持租赁物符合约定的用途。
Article 709 A lessee shall use the leased object in a manner as agreed by the parties. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the manner of use or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the leased object shall be used in line with its nature.
第七百零九条 承租人应当按照约定的方法使用租赁物。对租赁物的使用方法没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，应当根据租赁物的性质使用。
Article 710 Where a lessee uses the leased object in a manner as agreed by the parties or in line with its nature, he shall not bear the liability for the wear and tear on the leased object.
第七百一十条 承租人按照约定的方法或者根据租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损耗的，不承担赔偿责任。
Article 711 Where a lessee fails to use the leased object in a manner as agreed by the parties or in line with its nature, thus causing damage to the leased object, the lessor may rescind the contract and request for compensation.
第七百一十一条 承租人未按照约定的方法或者未根据租赁物的性质使用租赁物，致使租赁物受到损失的，出租人可以解除合同并请求赔偿损失。
Article 712 A lessor shall perform the duty of maintaining the leased object, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第七百一十二条 出租人应当履行租赁物的维修义务，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 713 Where a leased object needs to be maintened or repaired, the lessee may request the lessor to have it maintened and repaired within a reasonable period of time. Where the lessor fails to perform the obligation of maintenance or repair, the lessee may maintain or repair the leased object by himself and the expenses thus incurred shall be borne by the lessor. If the maintenance or repair of the leased object affects the lessee’s use of it, the rent shall be reduced or the term of the lease shall be extended accordingly.
第七百一十三条 承租人在租赁物需要维修时可以请求出租人在合理期限内维修。出租人未履行维修义务的，承租人可以自行维修，维修费用由出租人负担。因维修租赁物影响承租人使用的，应当相应减少租金或者延长租期。
Where a leased object needs to be maintened or repaired due to the lessee’s negligence, the lessor shall not bear the obligation of maintenance or repair as provided in the preceding paragraph.
因承租人的过错致使租赁物需要维修的，出租人不承担前款规定的维修义务。
Article 714 A lessee shall properly keep the leased object and shall bear the liability for compensation if the leased object is destructed, damaged, or lost owing to his failing to properly keep it.
第七百一十四条 承租人应当妥善保管租赁物，因保管不善造成租赁物毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 715 A lessee may, upon the lessor’s consent, improve the leased object or install additions thereto.
第七百一十五条 承租人经出租人同意，可以对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物。
Where a lessee improves the leased object or install additions thereto without the consent of the lessor, the lessor may request the lessee to restore the leased object to its original status or to compensate for the losses.
承租人未经出租人同意，对租赁物进行改善或者增设他物的，出租人可以请求承租人恢复原状或者赔偿损失。
Article 716 A lessee may, upon the lessor’s consent, sublease the leased object to a third person. The lease contract between the lessee and the lessor shall continue to be valid despite the sublease by the lessee, and if the third person causes loss to the leased object, the lessee shall bear the liability for compensation.
第七百一十六条 承租人经出租人同意，可以将租赁物转租给第三人。承租人转租的，承租人与出租人之间的租赁合同继续有效；第三人造成租赁物损失的，承租人应当赔偿损失。
Where a lessee subleases the leased object without the consent of the lessor, the lessor may rescind the contract.
承租人未经出租人同意转租的，出租人可以解除合同。
Article 717 Where a lessee, upon consent of the lessor, subleases the leased object to a third person, if the term of the sublease exceeds the remaining term of the lessee, the sublease in the period in excess of the original term shall not be legally binding on the lessor unless otherwise agreed by the lessor and the lessee.
第七百一十七条 承租人经出租人同意将租赁物转租给第三人，转租期限超过承租人剩余租赁期限的，超过部分的约定对出租人不具有法律约束力，但是出租人与承租人另有约定的除外。
Article 718 Where a lessor knows or should have known of the sublease made by a lessee but fails to raise any objection within six months, the lessor is deemed to have consented to the sublease.
第七百一十八条 出租人知道或者应当知道承租人转租，但是在六个月内未提出异议的，视为出租人同意转租。
Article 719 Where a lessee defaults on payment of the rent, the sublessee may pay the rent in arrears and the liquidated damages for the lessee, unless the sublease contract is not legally binding on the lessor.
第七百一十九条 承租人拖欠租金的，次承租人可以代承租人支付其欠付的租金和违约金，但是转租合同对出租人不具有法律约束力的除外。
The rent and liquidated damages paid by the sublessee for the lessee may be used to offset the rent payable by the sublessee to the lessee. If the amount of rent and liquidated damages thus paid by the sublessee exceeds the rent, the sublessee has the right to indemnification against the lessee.
次承租人代为支付的租金和违约金，可以充抵次承租人应当向承租人支付的租金；超出其应付的租金数额的，可以向承租人追偿。
Article 720 Any proceeds accrued from the possession or use of the leased object during the term of the lease shall belong to the lessee, unless otherwise provided by the parties.
第七百二十条 在租赁期限内因占有、使用租赁物获得的收益，归承租人所有，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 721 A lessee shall pay the rent within the time limit in accordance with the agreement. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the time limit for paying the rent or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the rent shall be paid at the time the term of the lease expires if the term is less than one year, or at the end of each full year where the term is more than one year, provided that the rent shall be paid at the time the term of the lease expires if the remaining term is less than one year.
第七百二十一条 承租人应当按照约定的期限支付租金。对支付租金的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定，租赁期限不满一年的，应当在租赁期限届满时支付；租赁期限一年以上的，应当在每届满一年时支付，剩余期限不满一年的，应当在租赁期限届满时支付。
Article 722 Where a lessee fails to pay the rent or delays a payment of the rent without just cause, the lessor may request the lessee to pay the rent within a reasonable period of time, and may rescind the contract if the lessee fails to pay the rent within such period of time.
第七百二十二条 承租人无正当理由未支付或者迟延支付租金的，出租人可以请求承租人在合理期限内支付；承租人逾期不支付的，出租人可以解除合同。
Article 723 Where a lessee is unable to use or to receive benefit from the leased object owing to a claim from a third person, the lessee may request for a reduction of or exemption from the rent.
第七百二十三条 因第三人主张权利，致使承租人不能对租赁物使用、收益的，承租人可以请求减少租金或者不支付租金。
Where a third person claims his right against the leased object, the lessee shall notify the lessor in a timely manner.
第三人主张权利的，承租人应当及时通知出租人。
Article 724 A lessor may rescind the contract under any of the following circumstances if the leased object cannot be used due to a reason not attributable to the lessee:
第七百二十四条 有下列情形之一，非因承租人原因致使租赁物无法使用的，承租人可以解除合同：
(1) the leased object is seized or detained by the judicial authority or administrative authority in accordance with law;
（一）租赁物被司法机关或者行政机关依法查封、扣押；
(2) there are disputes over the attribution of rights of the leased object; or
（二）租赁物权属有争议；
(3) the leased object violates mandatory provisions of laws and administrative regulations in respect of the conditions for use thereof.
（三）租赁物具有违反法律、行政法规关于使用条件的强制性规定情形。
Article 725 A change in the ownership of a leased object during the period that a lessee possesses the leased object in accordance with the lease contract shall not affect the validity of the lease contract.
第七百二十五条 租赁物在承租人按照租赁合同占有期限内发生所有权变动的，不影响租赁合同的效力。
Article 726 A lessor intending to sell a leased house shall notify the lessee within a reasonable period of time prior to the sale, and the lessee shall have the priority right to purchase the house under equivalent conditions, unless the person who is a co-owner by share exercises his priority right to purchase the house or if the lessor sells it to his close relatives.
第七百二十六条 出租人出卖租赁房屋的，应当在出卖之前的合理期限内通知承租人，承租人享有以同等条件优先购买的权利；但是，房屋按份共有人行使优先购买权或者出租人将房屋出卖给近亲属的除外。
Where a lessee fails to explicitly express his intention to purchase the house within fifteen days after the lessor has fulfilled his obligation of notification, the lessee shall be deemed to have waived such priority right.
出租人履行通知义务后，承租人在十五日内未明确表示购买的，视为承租人放弃优先购买权。
Article 727 Where a lessor authorizes an auctioneer to sell the leased house through auction, he shall notify the lessee five days prior to the auction. The lessee shall be deemed to have waived his priority right to purchase it if he fails to participate in the auction.
第七百二十七条 出租人委托拍卖人拍卖租赁房屋的，应当在拍卖五日前通知承租人。承租人未参加拍卖的，视为放弃优先购买权。
Article 728 Where a lessor fails to notify the lessee or otherwise hinders the lessee from exercising his priority right to purchase the leased house, the lessee may request the lessor to bear the liability for compensation, except that the validity of the contract for sale of the leased house concluded between the lessor and a third person shall not be affected.
第七百二十八条 出租人未通知承租人或者有其他妨害承租人行使优先购买权情形的，承租人可以请求出租人承担赔偿责任。但是，出租人与第三人订立的房屋买卖合同的效力不受影响。
Article 729 Where a leased object is partially or wholly destructed, damaged, or lost for a cause not attributable to the lessee, the lessee may request a reduction or exemption of the rent; and the lessee may rescind the contract if the purpose of the contract is unable to be achieved owing to such destruction, damage, or loss.
第七百二十九条 因不可归责于承租人的事由，致使租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失的，承租人可以请求减少租金或者不支付租金；因租赁物部分或者全部毁损、灭失，致使不能实现合同目的的，承租人可以解除合同。
Article 730 Where there is no agreement between the parties on the term of the lease, or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the lease shall be deemed a lease with an indefinite term. Either party may rescind the contract at any time, provided that the other party shall be notified within a reasonable period of time in advance.
第七百三十条 当事人对租赁期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，视为不定期租赁；当事人可以随时解除合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知对方。
Article 731 Where a leased object endangers a lessee's safety or health, the lessee may rescind the contract at any time, even if the lessee is clearly aware of the substandard quality of the leased object upon concluding the contract.
第七百三十一条 租赁物危及承租人的安全或者健康的，即使承租人订立合同时明知该租赁物质量不合格，承租人仍然可以随时解除合同。
Article 732 Where a lessee dies within the term of lease of a leased house, a person who lives with or the joint operator of the deceased may lease the house according to the original lease contract.
第七百三十二条 承租人在房屋租赁期限内死亡的，与其生前共同居住的人或者共同经营人可以按照原租赁合同租赁该房屋。
Article 733 A lessee shall return the leased object upon expiration of the term of the lease. The leased object returned shall be maintained in its after-use state in accordance with the agreement or in line with its nature.
第七百三十三条 租赁期限届满，承租人应当返还租赁物。返还的租赁物应当符合按照约定或者根据租赁物的性质使用后的状态。
Article 734 Where a lessee continues to use the leased object after the expiration of the term of the lease and the lessor has not raised any objection, the original lease contract shall continue to be valid, except that the lease term shall become unfixed.
第七百三十四条 租赁期限届满，承租人继续使用租赁物，出租人没有提出异议的，原租赁合同继续有效，但是租赁期限为不定期。
Upon expiration of the lease, a lessee of the house has the priority right to lease it under equivalent conditions.
租赁期限届满，房屋承租人享有以同等条件优先承租的权利。
Chapter XV Contracts for Financing Lease
第十五章 融资租赁合同
Article 735 A contract for financing lease is a contract under which a lessee selects a leased object and its seller, and a lessor purchases the leased object from the selected seller and provides it to the lessee for use, who pays the rent in return.
第七百三十五条 融资租赁合同是出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择，向出卖人购买租赁物，提供给承租人使用，承租人支付租金的合同。
Article 736 A contract for financing lease generally contains clauses specifiying the name, quantity, specifications, technical performance, and inspection method of the leased object, the term of the lease, the composition of rent, the time limit, method, and currency for payment of the rent, the ownership over the leased object upon expiration of the term, and the like.
第七百三十六条 融资租赁合同的内容一般包括租赁物的名称、数量、规格、技术性能、检验方法，租赁期限，租金构成及其支付期限和方式、币种，租赁期限届满租赁物的归属等条款。
A contract for financing lease shall be made in writing.
融资租赁合同应当采用书面形式。
Article 737 A contract for financing lease concluded by the parties on a fictitious leased object is void.
第七百三十七条 当事人以虚构租赁物方式订立的融资租赁合同无效。
Article 738 Where the operation or use of a leased object requires administrative license in accordance with the provision of laws and administrative regulations, the failure of the lessor to obtain such administrative license does not affect the validity of the contract for financing lease.
第七百三十八条 依照法律、行政法规的规定，对于租赁物的经营使用应当取得行政许可的，出租人未取得行政许可不影响融资租赁合同的效力。
Article 739 Where a lessor concludes a sales contract based on a lessee’s selection of the seller and the leased object, the seller shall deliver the object to the lessee as agreed by the parties, and the lessee shall enjoy the rights of a buyer with regard to the object received.
第七百三十九条 出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，出卖人应当按照约定向承租人交付标的物，承租人享有与受领标的物有关的买受人的权利。
Article 740 A lessee may refuse to accept the subject matter delivered by the seller where a seller breaches his obligation of delivery of the subject matter to the lessee, and one of the following circumstances occurs:
第七百四十条 出卖人违反向承租人交付标的物的义务，有下列情形之一的，承租人可以拒绝受领出卖人向其交付的标的物：
(1) the subject matter is materially inconsistent with the agreement; or
（一）标的物严重不符合约定；
(2) the seller fails to deliver the subject matter as agreed by the parties, and still fails to deliver it within a reasonable period of time after being demanded by the lessee or the lessor.
（二）未按照约定交付标的物，经承租人或者出租人催告后在合理期限内仍未交付。
Where a lessee refuses to take delivery of the subject matter, he shall promptly notify the lessor.
承租人拒绝受领标的物的，应当及时通知出租人。
Article 741 The lessor, the seller, and the lessee may agree that, where the seller fails to perform the obligations under the sales contract, the lessee shall exercise the right to claim against the seller. Where the lessee exercises such a right, the lessor shall render assistance.
第七百四十一条 出租人、出卖人、承租人可以约定，出卖人不履行买卖合同义务的，由承租人行使索赔的权利。承租人行使索赔权利的，出租人应当协助。
Article 742 A lessee’s exercise of the right to claim against the seller shall not affect his performance of the obligation to pay the rent. However, where a lessee has relied upon the lessor's expertise in selecting the leased object or the lessor has intervened with the selection of the leased object, the lessee may request reduction or exemption of the rent accordingly.
第七百四十二条 承租人对出卖人行使索赔权利，不影响其履行支付租金的义务。但是，承租人依赖出租人的技能确定租赁物或者出租人干预选择租赁物的，承租人可以请求减免相应租金。
Article 743 Where any of the following circumstances occurs, which causes the failure of the lessee to exercise the right to claim against the seller, the lessee has the right to request the lessor to bear corresponding liability:
第七百四十三条 出租人有下列情形之一，致使承租人对出卖人行使索赔权利失败的，承租人有权请求出租人承担相应的责任：
(1) the lessor clearly knows that the leased object has quality defects but fails to notify the lessee; or
（一）明知租赁物有质量瑕疵而不告知承租人；
(2) when the lessee exercises the right to claim, the lessor fails to provide necessary assistance in a timely manner.
（二）承租人行使索赔权利时，未及时提供必要协助。
Where a right to claim agaisnt the seller may only be exercised by the lessor but the lessor fails to exercise such right owing to his indolent, thus causing loss to the lessee, the lessee has the right to request the lessor to bear the liability for compensation.
出租人怠于行使只能由其对出卖人行使的索赔权利，造成承租人损失的，承租人有权请求出租人承担赔偿责任。
Article 744 Where a lessor concludes a sales contract based on the lessee’s selection of the seller and the leased object, the lessor may not, without the consent of the lessee, modify the content of the contract related to the lessee.
第七百四十四条 出租人根据承租人对出卖人、租赁物的选择订立的买卖合同，未经承租人同意，出租人不得变更与承租人有关的合同内容。
Article 745 The lessor’s ownership over the leased object shall, without being registered, not be asserted against a bona fide third person.
第七百四十五条 出租人对租赁物享有的所有权，未经登记，不得对抗善意第三人。
Article 746 The rent under a contract for financing lease shall, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, be determined according to the whole or major part of the cost for purchasing the leased object plus reasonable profits to be gained by the lessor.
第七百四十六条 融资租赁合同的租金，除当事人另有约定外，应当根据购买租赁物的大部分或者全部成本以及出租人的合理利润确定。
Article 747 Where a leased object does not conform to the agreement or the purpose of its use, the lessor shall not bear any liability, unless the lessee has relied upon the lessor's expertise in selecting the leased object or the lessor has intervened with the selection of the leased object.
第七百四十七条 租赁物不符合约定或者不符合使用目的的，出租人不承担责任。但是，承租人依赖出租人的技能确定租赁物或者出租人干预选择租赁物的除外。
Article 748 A lessor shall guarantee the possession and use of the leased object by the lessee.
第七百四十八条 出租人应当保证承租人对租赁物的占有和使用。
A lessee has the right to request the lessor to bear the liability for compensation where the lessor falls under any of the following circumstances:
出租人有下列情形之一的，承租人有权请求其赔偿损失：
(1) taking back the leased object without just cause;
（一）无正当理由收回租赁物；
(2) obstructing or interfering with the possession and use of the leased object by the lessee without just cause;
（二）无正当理由妨碍、干扰承租人对租赁物的占有和使用；
(3) a third person claims a right over the leased object due to a reason attributable to the lessor; or
（三）因出租人的原因致使第三人对租赁物主张权利；
(4) the lessor otherwise improperly affects the possession and use of the leased object by the lessee.
（四）不当影响承租人对租赁物占有和使用的其他情形。
Article 749 Where a leased object causes any personal injury or property damage to a third person during the period it is under the lessee’s possession, the lessor shall not bear any liability.
第七百四十九条 承租人占有租赁物期间，租赁物造成第三人人身损害或者财产损失的，出租人不承担责任。
Article 750 A lessee shall properly maintain and use the leased object.
第七百五十条 承租人应当妥善保管、使用租赁物。
A lessee shall perform the obligation for the maintenance of the leased object during the period the leased object is under his possession.
承租人应当履行占有租赁物期间的维修义务。
Article 751 Where the leased object is destructed, damaged, or lost during the period it is under the possession of the lessee, the lessor has the right to request the lessee to continue to pay the rent, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第七百五十一条 承租人占有租赁物期间，租赁物毁损、灭失的，出租人有权请求承租人继续支付租金，但是法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 752 A lessee shall pay the rent in accordance with the agreement. Where a lessee fails to pay the rent within a reasonable period of time after being demanded, the lessor may request full payment of the rent, or rescind the contract and take back the leased object.
第七百五十二条 承租人应当按照约定支付租金。承租人经催告后在合理期限内仍不支付租金的，出租人可以请求支付全部租金；也可以解除合同，收回租赁物。
Article 753 Where a lessee transfers, mortgages, pledges, invests and contributes as share, or otherwise disposes of the leased object without the lessor’s consent, the lessor may rescind the contract for financing lease.
第七百五十三条 承租人未经出租人同意，将租赁物转让、抵押、质押、投资入股或者以其他方式处分的，出租人可以解除融资租赁合同。
Article 754 A lessor or a lessee may rescind the contract for financing lease under any of the following circumstances:
第七百五十四条 有下列情形之一的，出租人或者承租人可以解除融资租赁合同：
(1) the sales contract between the lessor and the seller is rescinded, determined as void or revoked, and the parties fail to conclude a sales contract anew;
（一）出租人与出卖人订立的买卖合同解除、被确认无效或者被撤销，且未能重新订立买卖合同；
(2) the leased object is destructed, damaged, or lost due to a reason not attributable to the parties, and it is impossible to repair the leased object or determine a substitute therefor; or
（二）租赁物因不可归责于当事人的原因毁损、灭失，且不能修复或者确定替代物；
(3) the purpose of the contract for financing lease cannot be achieved owing to a reason attributable to the seller.
（三）因出卖人的原因致使融资租赁合同的目的不能实现。
Article 755 Where a contract for financing lease is rescinded because the sales contract is rescinded, invalidated, or revoked, if the seller and the leased object are selected by the lessee, the lessor has the right to request the lessee to compensate for the corresponding losses, unless the sales contract is rescinded, invalidated, or revoked owing to a reason attributable to the lessor.
第七百五十五条 融资租赁合同因买卖合同解除、被确认无效或者被撤销而解除，出卖人、租赁物系由承租人选择的，出租人有权请求承租人赔偿相应损失；但是，因出租人原因致使买卖合同解除、被确认无效或者被撤销的除外。
Where the losses of the lessor have been recovered at the time the sales contract is rescinded, invalidated, or revoked, the lessee no longer bears liability for compensation.
出租人的损失已经在买卖合同解除、被确认无效或者被撤销时获得赔偿的，承租人不再承担相应的赔偿责任。
Article 756 Where a contract for financing lease is rescinded owing to a reason not attributable to the parties, such as an accidental destruction, damage, or loss of the leased object after it is delivered to the lessee, the lessor may request the lessee to make compensation based on the depreciation status of the leased object.
第七百五十六条 融资租赁合同因租赁物交付承租人后意外毁损、灭失等不可归责于当事人的原因解除的，出租人可以请求承租人按照租赁物折旧情况给予补偿。
Article 757 A lessor and a lessee may agree on the ownership over the leased object upon expiration of the term of the lease. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the ownership of the leased object or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the ownership of the leased object shall belong to the lessor.
第七百五十七条 出租人和承租人可以约定租赁期限届满租赁物的归属；对租赁物的归属没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，租赁物的所有权归出租人。
Article 758 Where the parties agree that the lessee shall have the ownership over the leased object upon expiration of the term of the lease, if the lessee has paid most of the rent but is unable to pay the remaining part, and the lessor has therefore rescineded the contract and taken back the leased object, the lessee may request the corresponding refund if the value of the leased object taken back exceeds the rent and other expenses in arrears.
第七百五十八条 当事人约定租赁期限届满租赁物归承租人所有，承租人已经支付大部分租金，但是无力支付剩余租金，出租人因此解除合同收回租赁物，收回的租赁物的价值超过承租人欠付的租金以及其他费用的，承租人可以请求相应返还。
Where the parties agree that the lessor shall have the ownership over the leased object upon expiration of the term of the lease, and the lessee is unable to return the leased object due to destruction, damage, or loss of the leased object, or because the leased object has attached to or been mixed with another thing, the lessor has the right to request the lessee to make reasonable compensation.
当事人约定租赁期限届满租赁物归出租人所有，因租赁物毁损、灭失或者附合、混合于他物致使承租人不能返还的，出租人有权请求承租人给予合理补偿。
Article 759 Where the parties agree that the lessee is only required to pay the lessor a symbolic price upon expiration of the term of the lease, the ownership of the leased object shall be deemed as belonging to the lessee after the lessee has fulfilled his obligation to pay the rent in accordance with the agreement.
第七百五十九条 当事人约定租赁期限届满，承租人仅需向出租人支付象征性价款的，视为约定的租金义务履行完毕后租赁物的所有权归承租人。
Article 760 Where a contract for financing lease is invalid and the parties have agreed on the ownership of the leased object under such a circumstance, such an agreement shall be followed. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the ownership of the leased object or the agreement is unclear, the leased object shall be returned to the lessor. However, where the contract becomes invalid owing to a reason attributable to the lessee, if the lessor does not request the return of the leased object or the return of the leased object will significantly reduce the usefulness thereof, the ownership of the leased object shall belong to the lessee, and the lessee shall make reasonable compensation to the lessor.
第七百六十条 融资租赁合同无效，当事人就该情形下租赁物的归属有约定的，按照其约定；没有约定或者约定不明确的，租赁物应当返还出租人。但是，因承租人原因致使合同无效，出租人不请求返还或者返还后会显著降低租赁物效用的，租赁物的所有权归承租人，由承租人给予出租人合理补偿。
Chapter XVI Factoring Contracts
第十六章 保理合同
Article 761 A factoring contract is a contract under which a creditor of accounts receivable transfers the existing or after-acquired accounts receivable to a factor who provides services such as accommodation of funds, management or collection of the accounts receivable, guarantee for the payment of a debtor of the accounts receivable, and the like.
第七百六十一条 保理合同是应收账款债权人将现有的或者将有的应收账款转让给保理人，保理人提供资金融通、应收账款管理或者催收、应收账款债务人付款担保等服务的合同。
Article 762 A factoring contract generally contains clauses specifying the business type, scope of service, term of service, information on the underlying transaction contract and the accounts receivable, the financing funds through factoring, the service remuneration, the methods of payment thereof, and the like.
第七百六十二条 保理合同的内容一般包括业务类型、服务范围、服务期限、基础交易合同情况、应收账款信息、保理融资款或者服务报酬及其支付方式等条款。
A factoring contract shall be in writing.
保理合同应当采用书面形式。
Article 763 Where a creditor and a debtor fabricate an account receivable as the object of transfer and then conclude a factoring contract on it with a factor, the debtor of the fabricated account receivable shall not assert a defense against the factor on the ground that the account receivable does not exist, unless the factor clearly knows such fabrication.
第七百六十三条 应收账款债权人与债务人虚构应收账款作为转让标的，与保理人订立保理合同的，应收账款债务人不得以应收账款不存在为由对抗保理人，但是保理人明知虚构的除外。
Article 764 Where a factor notifies a debtor of an account receivable of the assignment of the account receivable, he shall disclose his identity as a factor and present necessary certifying documents.
第七百六十四条 保理人向应收账款债务人发出应收账款转让通知的，应当表明保理人身份并附有必要凭证。
Article 765 Where, after a debtor of an account receivable receives the notice of assignment thereof, the creditor and the debtor of the account receivable agree to modify or terminate the underlying contract without just cause, which has an adverse impact on the factor, such modification or termination is not effective against the factor.
第七百六十五条 应收账款债务人接到应收账款转让通知后，应收账款债权人与债务人无正当理由协商变更或者终止基础交易合同，对保理人产生不利影响的，对保理人不发生效力。
Article 766 Where the parties agree that the factoring is one with the right of recourse, the factor may claim against the creditor of the account receivable for refunding the principal and interest of the financing funds or redemption of the claim on the account receivable, or claim against the debtor of the account receivable. Where a factor claims against the debtor of the account receivable after deducting the principal and interest of the financing funds and the other relevant expenses, any balance shall be returned to the debtor of the account receivable.
第七百六十六条 当事人约定有追索权保理的，保理人可以向应收账款债权人主张返还保理融资款本息或者回购应收账款债权，也可以向应收账款债务人主张应收账款债权。保理人向应收账款债务人主张应收账款债权，在扣除保理融资款本息和相关费用后有剩余的，剩余部分应当返还给应收账款债权人。
Article 767 Where the parties agree that the factoring is one without the right of recourse, the factor shall claim against the debtor of the account receivable, and the factor is not required to return to the creditor of the account receivable the amount in excess of the principal and interest of the financing funds and the other relevant expenses he has obtained.
第七百六十七条 当事人约定无追索权保理的，保理人应当向应收账款债务人主张应收账款债权，保理人取得超过保理融资款本息和相关费用的部分，无需向应收账款债权人返还。
Article 768 Where a creditor of an account receivable concludes multiple factoring contracts with different factors so that the factors claim their rights against the same account receivable, the account receivable shall be obtained by the factor of a registered factoring contract in priority over the factors of unregistered factoring contracts, or, where all factoring contracts are registered, by the factors in an order according to the time of registration, or, where none of the factoring contracts have been registered, by the factor stated in the transfer notice which has reached the debtor of the account receivable first in time. Where none of the factoring contracts have been registered and no transfer notice has been sent, the account receivable shall be obtained by the factors on a pro rata basis on the amount of financing funds each has provided, or the service remuneration each is entitled to.
第七百六十八条 应收账款债权人就同一应收账款订立多个保理合同，致使多个保理人主张权利的，已经登记的先于未登记的取得应收账款；均已经登记的，按照登记时间的先后顺序取得应收账款；均未登记的，由最先到达应收账款债务人的转让通知中载明的保理人取得应收账款；既未登记也未通知的，按照保理融资款或者服务报酬的比例取得应收账款。
Article 769 For matters not provided in this Chapter, the relevant provisions of Chapter Six of this Book on the assignment of claims shall be applied.
第七百六十九条 本章没有规定的，适用本编第六章债权转让的有关规定。
Chapter XVII Work Contracts
第十七章 承揽合同
Article 770 A work contract is a contract under which a contractor, in accordance with the requirements of a client, completes a work and delivers the work product to the client who pays remuneration in return.
第七百七十条 承揽合同是承揽人按照定作人的要求完成工作，交付工作成果，定作人支付报酬的合同。
A contracted work includes processing, manufacturing on order, repair, reproduction, testing, inspection, and the like.
承揽包括加工、定作、修理、复制、测试、检验等工作。
Article 771 A work contract generally contains clauses specifying the object, quantity, and quality of the work, remuneration of the work, the mode of the work, supply of materials, the period of performance, the standard and method of inspection, and the like.
第七百七十一条 承揽合同的内容一般包括承揽的标的、数量、质量、报酬，承揽方式，材料的提供，履行期限，验收标准和方法等条款。
Article 772 The contractor shall complete the principal part of the work with his own equipment, technology, and labor force, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第七百七十二条 承揽人应当以自己的设备、技术和劳力，完成主要工作，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Where a contractor entrusts the major part of the contracted work with a third person, the contractor shall be accountable to his client concerning the work completed by the third person and the client may rescind the contract if he has not consented thereto.
承揽人将其承揽的主要工作交由第三人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负责；未经定作人同意的，定作人也可以解除合同。
Article 773 A contractor may entrust the accesory part of his contracted work with a third person. Where a contractor entrusts an accessory part of the contracted work to a third person, the contractor shall be accountable to the client concerning the work product completed by the third person.
第七百七十三条 承揽人可以将其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成。承揽人将其承揽的辅助工作交由第三人完成的，应当就该第三人完成的工作成果向定作人负责。
Article 774 Where a contractor is to provide the materials, he shall select and use the materials in accordance with the agreement and accept the inspection of the client.
第七百七十四条 承揽人提供材料的，应当按照约定选用材料，并接受定作人检验。
Article 775 Where a client is to provide the materials, he shall provide the materials in accordance with the agreement. The contractor shall promptly inspect the materials provided by the client, and, if any inconformity is found, the contractor shall promptly request the client to make replacement, make up the shortage or take other remedial measures.
第七百七十五条 定作人提供材料的，应当按照约定提供材料。承揽人对定作人提供的材料应当及时检验，发现不符合约定时，应当及时通知定作人更换、补齐或者采取其他补救措施。
Without the consent of the client, a contractor may not change the materials provided by the client nor change the accessories and parts which do not need repair.
承揽人不得擅自更换定作人提供的材料，不得更换不需要修理的零部件。
Article 776 A contractor shall promptly notify the client if he finds that the drawings or technical requirements provided by the client are unreasonable. Where losses are caused to the contractor due to the client's failure to response or the like reasons, the client shall bear the liability for compensation.
第七百七十六条 承揽人发现定作人提供的图纸或者技术要求不合理的，应当及时通知定作人。因定作人怠于答复等原因造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。
Article 777 Where, in the course of a contracted work, the client changes his requirements, thus causing loss to the contractor, the client shall bear liability for compensation.
第七百七十七条 定作人中途变更承揽工作的要求，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。
Article 778 Where a contracted work requires assistance from the client, the client has the obligation to provide such assistance. Where the client fails to perform such obligation, thus making the completion of the contracted work impossible, the contractor may demand him to perform his obligation within a reasonable period of time, and may also extend the term of performance accordingly. If the client still fails to fulfill his obligation within the extend term, the contractor may rescind the contract.
第七百七十八条 承揽工作需要定作人协助的，定作人有协助的义务。定作人不履行协助义务致使承揽工作不能完成的，承揽人可以催告定作人在合理期限内履行义务，并可以顺延履行期限；定作人逾期不履行的，承揽人可以解除合同。
Article 779 A contractor shall accept necessary supervision and inspection of the client in the course of his work. The client may not disturb the normal work of the contractor by such supervision and inspection.
第七百七十九条 承揽人在工作期间，应当接受定作人必要的监督检验。定作人不得因监督检验妨碍承揽人的正常工作。
Article 780 Upon completion of his work, a contractor shall deliver to the client the work product and provide the client with the necessary technical materials and related quality certificates. The client shall inspect the work product for acceptance.
第七百八十条 承揽人完成工作的，应当向定作人交付工作成果，并提交必要的技术资料和有关质量证明。定作人应当验收该工作成果。
Article 781 Where the work product delivered by the contractor fails to meet the quality requirements, the client may, in a reasonable manner, request the contractor to bear default liability in forms of repair, reworking, remuneration reduction, or compensation for losses.
第七百八十一条 承揽人交付的工作成果不符合质量要求的，定作人可以合理选择请求承揽人承担修理、重作、减少报酬、赔偿损失等违约责任。
Article 782 A client shall pay remuneration within the time limit agreed by the parties. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the time limit for paying remuneration or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the client shall make payment at the time of delivery of the work product; and where part of the work product is delivered, the client shall pay the corresponding remuneration.
第七百八十二条 定作人应当按照约定的期限支付报酬。对支付报酬的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，定作人应当在承揽人交付工作成果时支付；工作成果部分交付的，定作人应当相应支付。
Article 783 Where a client fails to make such payments as remuneration or materials fees, the contractor has the right to retain the work product under lien or to refuse delivery, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第七百八十三条 定作人未向承揽人支付报酬或者材料费等价款的，承揽人对完成的工作成果享有留置权或者有权拒绝交付，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 784 A contractor shall properly keep the materials provided by the client and the completed work product, and shall bear the liability for compensation if such materials or the work product are destructed, damaged or lost owing to his inappropriate maintenance thereof.
第七百八十四条 承揽人应当妥善保管定作人提供的材料以及完成的工作成果，因保管不善造成毁损、灭失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 785 A contractor shall keep confidential the relevant information in accordance with the requirements of the client and, without the latter's permission, may not retain copies or technical data thereof.
第七百八十五条 承揽人应当按照定作人的要求保守秘密，未经定作人许可，不得留存复制品或者技术资料。
Article 786 Co-contractors shall bear joint and several liabilities to the client, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第七百八十六条 共同承揽人对定作人承担连带责任，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 787 The client may rescind the work contract at any time before the contractor completes his work, provided that he shall bear the liability for compensating any loss thus caused to the contractor.
第七百八十七条 定作人在承揽人完成工作前可以随时解除合同，造成承揽人损失的，应当赔偿损失。
Chapter XVIII Contracts for Construction Project
第十八章 建设工程合同
Article 788 A contract for construction project is a contract under which a contractor carries out the construction of a project and the contract-offering party pays the price in return.
第七百八十八条 建设工程合同是承包人进行工程建设，发包人支付价款的合同。
Contracts for construction project consist of contracts for project prospecting, designing, and construction.
建设工程合同包括工程勘察、设计、施工合同。
Article 789 A contract for construction project shall be made in writing.
第七百八十九条 建设工程合同应当采用书面形式。
Article 790 Bidding for a construction project shall be carried out in an open, fair, and impartial manner in accordance with the provisions of the relevant laws.
第七百九十条 建设工程的招标投标活动，应当依照有关法律的规定公开、公平、公正进行。
Article 791 A contract-offering party may conclude a contract for construction project with a general contractor, or conclude separate contracts for prospecting, designing, and construction with the prospecting, designing, and construction parties respectively. A contract-offering party may not break up one construction project that should be completed by one contractor into several parts and offer them to several contractors.
第七百九十一条 发包人可以与总承包人订立建设工程合同，也可以分别与勘察人、设计人、施工人订立勘察、设计、施工承包合同。发包人不得将应当由一个承包人完成的建设工程支解成若干部分发包给数个承包人。
A general contractor or a prospecting, designing or construction contractor may, upon consent by the contract-offering party, entrust part of the contracted work with a third person. The third person shall assume joint and several liability with the general contractor or the prospecting, engineering, or construction contractor to the contract-offering party on the work product of the third person. A contractor may not delegate the whole of the contracted construction project to a third person or break up the contracted construction project into several parts and delegate them separately to third persons in the name of subcontracting.
总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包人经发包人同意，可以将自己承包的部分工作交由第三人完成。第三人就其完成的工作成果与总承包人或者勘察、设计、施工承包人向发包人承担连带责任。承包人不得将其承包的全部建设工程转包给第三人或者将其承包的全部建设工程支解以后以分包的名义分别转包给第三人。
A contractor is prohibited from subcontracting the contracted project to any entity without the corresponding qualifications. A subcontractor is prohibited from re-subcontracting the contracted project. The main structure of the construction project must be completed by the contractor itself.
禁止承包人将工程分包给不具备相应资质条件的单位。禁止分包单位将其承包的工程再分包。建设工程主体结构的施工必须由承包人自行完成。
Article 792 Contracts for major construction projects of the State shall be concluded in accordance with the procedures set forth by the State and such documents as investment plans and feasibility study reports approved by the State.
第七百九十二条 国家重大建设工程合同，应当按照国家规定的程序和国家批准的投资计划、可行性研究报告等文件订立。
Article 793 Where a contract for construction project is invalid but the construction project has passed the inspection for acceptance, the contractor may be compensated with reference to the project price agreed in the contract and based on the appraised price of the construction project.
第七百九十三条 建设工程施工合同无效，但是建设工程经验收合格的，可以参照合同关于工程价款的约定折价补偿承包人。
Where a contract for construction project is invalid and the construction project fails to pass the inspection for acceptance, it shall be dealt with in accordance with the following provisions:
建设工程施工合同无效，且建设工程经验收不合格的，按照以下情形处理：
(1) where the construction project after being repaired has passed the inspection for acceptance, the contract-offering party may request the contractor to bear the repairing costs; or
（一）修复后的建设工程经验收合格的，发包人可以请求承包人承担修复费用；
(2) where the construction project after being repaired still fails to pass the inspection for acceptance, the contractor has no right to request for payment with reference to the project price agreed in the contract or based on the appraised price of the construction project.
（二）修复后的建设工程经验收不合格的，承包人无权请求参照合同关于工程价款的约定折价补偿。
Where a contract-offering party is at fault for the loss caused by the substandard of the construction project, he shall bear corresponding liabilities.
发包人对因建设工程不合格造成的损失有过错的，应当承担相应的责任。
Article 794 A prospecting or designing contract generally contains clauses specifying the time limit for submission of documents relating to the basic materials and budget, quality requirements, expenses and other cooperative conditions, and the like.
第七百九十四条 勘察、设计合同的内容一般包括提交有关基础资料和概预算等文件的期限、质量要求、费用以及其他协作条件等条款。
Article 795 A construction contract generally contains clauses specifying the project scope, the period for construction, the time of commencement and completion of the project to be delivered in midcourse, project quality, costs, delivery time of technical materials, the responsibility for the supply of materials and equipment, fund allocation and settlement, project inspection and acceptance upon its completion, range and period of quality warranty, cooperation, and the like.
第七百九十五条 施工合同的内容一般包括工程范围、建设工期、中间交工工程的开工和竣工时间、工程质量、工程造价、技术资料交付时间、材料和设备供应责任、拨款和结算、竣工验收、质量保修范围和质量保证期、相互协作等条款。
Article 796 For any construction project to which a superintendence system is applied, the contract-offering party shall conclude an entrustment contract of superintendence in writing with the entrusted superintendent. The rights and obligations as well as the legal liabilities of the contract-offering party and the superintendent shall be defined in accordance with the provisions on entrustment contracts of this Book as well as the relevant provisions of other laws and administrative regulations.
第七百九十六条 建设工程实行监理的，发包人应当与监理人采用书面形式订立委托监理合同。发包人与监理人的权利和义务以及法律责任，应当依照本编委托合同以及其他有关法律、行政法规的规定。
Article 797 The contract-offering party may, without disturbing the normal operation of the contractor, inspect the progress and quality of the work at any time.
第七百九十七条 发包人在不妨碍承包人正常作业的情况下，可以随时对作业进度、质量进行检查。
Article 798 Prior to the concealment of a concealed project, the contractor shall notify the contract-offering party to inspect it. If the contract-offering party fails to conduct an inspection in a timely manner, the contractor may extend the period for the completion of the project accordingly, and may request compensation for losses caused by the work stoppage, the workers' forced idleness, and the like.
第七百九十八条 隐蔽工程在隐蔽以前，承包人应当通知发包人检查。发包人没有及时检查的，承包人可以顺延工程日期，并有权请求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。
Article 799 Upon completion of a construction project, the contract-offering party shall promptly undertake the inspection for acceptance in accordance with the construction drawings and descriptions, as well as the rules of inspection and acceptance of construction projects and the standards for quality inspection issued by the State. Where the project passes the inspection for acceptance, the contract-offering party shall pay the agreed price and take over the construction project.
第七百九十九条 建设工程竣工后，发包人应当根据施工图纸及说明书、国家颁发的施工验收规范和质量检验标准及时进行验收。验收合格的，发包人应当按照约定支付价款，并接收该建设工程。
A construction project may be delivered and put into use only after it has passed the inspection for acceptance upon completion. Without being inspected or failing to pass the inspection, the construction project may not be delivered or put into use.
建设工程竣工经验收合格后，方可交付使用；未经验收或者验收不合格的，不得交付使用。
Article 800 Where losses are caused to a contract -offering party due to the fact that the prospecting or designing does not conform to the quality requirements or that the prospecting or designing documents are not submitted as scheduled, so that the period for construction is delayed, the prospecting or designing party shall continue on perfecting the prospecting or designing, reduce or waive the prospecting or designing fees, and make compensation for the losses.
第八百条 勘察、设计的质量不符合要求或者未按照期限提交勘察、设计文件拖延工期，造成发包人损失的，勘察人、设计人应当继续完善勘察、设计，减收或者免收勘察、设计费并赔偿损失。
Article 801 Where the quality of a construction project fails to conform to the contract due to a reason attributable to the constructor, the contract-offering party has the right to request the constructor to repair, rework, or reconstruct the project without further charge within a reasonable period of time. If delivery is delayed because of the repair, reworking, reconstruction, the constructor shall bear default liability.
第八百零一条 因施工人的原因致使建设工程质量不符合约定的，发包人有权请求施工人在合理期限内无偿修理或者返工、改建。经过修理或者返工、改建后，造成逾期交付的，施工人应当承担违约责任。
Article 802 Where a construction project causes personal injury and property damage due to a reason attributable to the contractor within a reasonable period of use of the project, the contractor shall bear the liability for compensation.
第八百零二条 因承包人的原因致使建设工程在合理使用期限内造成人身损害和财产损失的，承包人应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 803 Where a contract-offering party fails to provide raw materials, equipments, premises, funds, or technical materials at the agreed time and pursuant to the agreed requirements, the contractor may extend the period of construction accordingly and has the right to request compensation for the losses caused by work stoppage, and workers' forced idleness, and the like.
第八百零三条 发包人未按照约定的时间和要求提供原材料、设备、场地、资金、技术资料的，承包人可以顺延工程日期，并有权请求赔偿停工、窝工等损失。
Article 804 If a construction project is stopped or suspended in midcourse due to a reason attributable to the contract-offering party, the contract-offering party shall take measures to make up for the loss or mitigate the loss, and compensate the contractor for any losses caused and actual expenses incurred by work stoppage, workers' forced idleness, back transportation, transfer of machinery equipment, the backlog of materials and structural components, and the like.
第八百零四条 因发包人的原因致使工程中途停建、缓建的，发包人应当采取措施弥补或者减少损失，赔偿承包人因此造成的停工、窝工、倒运、机械设备调迁、材料和构件积压等损失和实际费用。
Article 805 Where a contract-offering party alters his plan, provides inaccurate materials, or fails to provide necessary working conditions for prospecting or designing as scheduled, thus causing the redoing or stoppage of the prospecting or designing work, or the revision of the design, the contract-offering party shall pay additional fees according to the amount of work actually undertaken by the prospecting or designing party.
第八百零五条 因发包人变更计划，提供的资料不准确，或者未按照期限提供必需的勘察、设计工作条件而造成勘察、设计的返工、停工或者修改设计，发包人应当按照勘察人、设计人实际消耗的工作量增付费用。
Article 806 Where a contractor delegates or illegally subcontracts the construction project to others, the contract-offering party may rescind the contract.
第八百零六条 承包人将建设工程转包、违法分包的，发包人可以解除合同。
Where the main construction materials, construction components and accessories, and equipment provided by the contract-offering party fail to conform to the mandatory standard, or the contract-offering party fails to perform his obligations to provide assistance, so that the contractor cannot undertake the construction work, if the contract-offering party still fails to perform the corresponding obligations within a reasonable period of time after being demanded, the contractor may rescind the contract.
发包人提供的主要建筑材料、建筑构配件和设备不符合强制性标准或者不履行协助义务，致使承包人无法施工，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行相应义务的，承包人可以解除合同。
Where, after the contract is rescinded, the quality of the completed construction project is found to be up to standard, the contract-offering party shall make corresponding payment for the construction project in accordance with the agreement. If the quality of the completed construction project is found to be substandard, the provisions of Article 793 of this Code shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
合同解除后，已经完成的建设工程质量合格的，发包人应当按照约定支付相应的工程价款；已经完成的建设工程质量不合格的，参照本法第七百九十三条的规定处理。
Article 807 Where a contract-offering party fails to pay the price in accordance with the agreement, the contractor may demand the contract-offering party to make the payment within a reasonable period of time. Where the contract-offering party still fails to pay the price upon expiration of the said period, the contractor may negotiate with the contract-offering party to appraise the construction project to satisfy the obligation, or request the people's court to sell the project through auction in accordance with law, unless the construction project is by its nature unsuitable for appraisal or auction. The payment for the construction of the project shall be satisfied, in priority, from the proceeds obtained from the appraisal or auction of the said project.
第八百零七条 发包人未按照约定支付价款的，承包人可以催告发包人在合理期限内支付价款。发包人逾期不支付的，除根据建设工程的性质不宜折价、拍卖外，承包人可以与发包人协议将该工程折价，也可以请求人民法院将该工程依法拍卖。建设工程的价款就该工程折价或者拍卖的价款优先受偿。
Article 808 For matters not provided in this Chapter, the relevant provisions on work contracts shall be applied.
第八百零八条 本章没有规定的，适用承揽合同的有关规定。
Chapter XIX Transport Contracts
第十九章 运输合同
Section 1 General Rules
第一节 一般规定
Article 809 A transport contract is a contract under which a carrier transports a passenger or goods from the place of dispatch to a destination agreed by the parties, and the passenger, consignor, or consignee pays the fare or the freight.
第八百零九条 运输合同是承运人将旅客或者货物从起运地点运输到约定地点，旅客、托运人或者收货人支付票款或者运输费用的合同。
Article 810 A carrier engaging in public transport may not reject an ordinary and reasonable transport request made by a passenger or consignor.
第八百一十条 从事公共运输的承运人不得拒绝旅客、托运人通常、合理的运输要求。
Article 811 A carrier shall safely transport a passenger or goods to a destination as agreed within the agreed or a reasonable period of time.
第八百一十一条 承运人应当在约定期限或者合理期限内将旅客、货物安全运输到约定地点。
Article 812 A carrier shall transport a passenger or goods to a destination as agreed via an agreed or a usual transport route.
第八百一十二条 承运人应当按照约定的或者通常的运输路线将旅客、货物运输到约定地点。
Article 813 A passenger, consignor, or consignee shall pay the fare or the freight. If a carrier does not transport via an agreed route or the usual route, thus increasing the fare or the freight, the passenger, consignor, or consignee may refuse to pay the extra fare or freight.
第八百一十三条 旅客、托运人或者收货人应当支付票款或者运输费用。承运人未按照约定路线或者通常路线运输增加票款或者运输费用的，旅客、托运人或者收货人可以拒绝支付增加部分的票款或者运输费用。
Section 2 Passenger Transport Contract
第二节 客运合同
Article 814 A passenger transport contract is formed at the time when the carrier issues a ticket to the passenger, unless otherwise provided by the parties or in accordance with the coure of dealing.
第八百一十四条 客运合同自承运人向旅客出具客票时成立，但是当事人另有约定或者另有交易习惯的除外。
Article 815 A passenger shall get on board pursuant to the time, the number of runs or flights, and the seat number indicated in the valid ticket. Any passenger who boards without a ticket, beyond the paid distance, in a higher class, or with a discounted ticket while he is unqualified therefor shall pay or make up for the difference in the ticket price, and the carrier may charge an extra fare according to the regulations. Where a passenger refuses to pay the fare accordingly, the carrier may refuse to transport him.
第八百一十五条 旅客应当按照有效客票记载的时间、班次和座位号乘坐。旅客无票乘坐、超程乘坐、越级乘坐或者持不符合减价条件的优惠客票乘坐的，应当补交票款，承运人可以按照规定加收票款；旅客不支付票款的，承运人可以拒绝运输。
Where a passenger under a real-name passenger transport contract loses his ticket, he may request the carrier to report the loss and reissue a ticket, and the carrier shall not re-collect ticket fees or other unreasonable expenses.
实名制客运合同的旅客丢失客票的，可以请求承运人挂失补办，承运人不得再次收取票款和其他不合理费用。
Article 816 A passenger who is unable to get on board at the time indicated in the ticket due to his own reason shall, within the period of time agreed by the parties, undergo the procedures for refund or change of the ticket. If the passenger fails to undergo the refund or change procedures within the agreed period of time, the carrier may refuse to refund the ticket, and no longer has the transport obligation.
第八百一十六条 旅客因自己的原因不能按照客票记载的时间乘坐的，应当在约定的期限内办理退票或者变更手续；逾期办理的，承运人可以不退票款，并不再承担运输义务。
Article 817 The carry-on baggages of a passenger shall conform to the quantity limit and category requirement in accordance with the agreement. A passenger who carries baggages in excess of the quantity limit or in violation of the requirements for the category shall have the baggage checked in.
第八百一十七条 旅客随身携带行李应当符合约定的限量和品类要求；超过限量或者违反品类要求携带行李的，应当办理托运手续。
Article 818 A passenger may not carry with him or secretly carry in his baggage any inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, or radioactive articles, any other dangerous articles that might endanger the safety of persons and property aboard, nor any contraband articles.
第八百一十八条 旅客不得随身携带或者在行李中夹带易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性以及可能危及运输工具上人身和财产安全的危险物品或者违禁物品。
Where a passenger violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the carrier may unload or destroy the dangerous or contraband articles or deliver them to the relevant departments. Where a passenger insists on carrying with him the dangerous articles or the contraband articles or carrying them in his baggage, the carrier shall refuse to transport him.
旅客违反前款规定的，承运人可以将危险物品或者违禁物品卸下、销毁或者送交有关部门。旅客坚持携带或者夹带危险物品或者违禁物品的，承运人应当拒绝运输。
Article 819 A carrier shall strictly fulfill his obligation of safe transport and timely notify passengers about matters of attention for a safe transport. A passenger shall actively assist in and be cooperative with the carrier with regard to the reasonable arrangements made for safe transport.
第八百一十九条 承运人应当严格履行安全运输义务，及时告知旅客安全运输应当注意的事项。旅客对承运人为安全运输所作的合理安排应当积极协助和配合。
Article 820 A carrier shall transport passengers at the time and in the number of runs or flights and seat number indicated in the valid ticket. Under circumstances where the transport is delayed or rendered out of a normal state, the carrier shall inform and remind the passenger in a timely manner, take necessary measures for arrangement, and, upon passengers' requests, arrange them to take other numbers of runs or flights or refund their tickets. The carrier shall bear the liability for compensation for any loss thus caused to the passenger, unless such loss is not attributable to the carrier.
第八百二十条 承运人应当按照有效客票记载的时间、班次和座位号运输旅客。承运人迟延运输或者有其他不能正常运输情形的，应当及时告知和提醒旅客，采取必要的安置措施，并根据旅客的要求安排改乘其他班次或者退票；由此造成旅客损失的，承运人应当承担赔偿责任，但是不可归责于承运人的除外。
Article 821 A carrier who unilaterally downgrades the service standard shall, upon passengers' requests, refund their tickets or reduce the fare. A carrier who upgrades the service standard shall not charge extra fare.
第八百二十一条 承运人擅自降低服务标准的，应当根据旅客的请求退票或者减收票款；提高服务标准的，不得加收票款。
Article 822 A carrier shall, in the course of transportation, spare no effort to rescue and help a passenger who suffers an emergent disease, commence childbirth, or otherwise in danger.
第八百二十二条 承运人在运输过程中，应当尽力救助患有急病、分娩、遇险的旅客。
Article 823 A carrier shall bear the liability for compensation arising from the injury or death of a passenger occurring in the course of transportation, unless the injury or death is a result of the passenger's own health condition, or the carrier can prove that the injury or death is caused by the passenger's intentional or grossly negligent act.
第八百二十三条 承运人应当对运输过程中旅客的伤亡承担赔偿责任；但是，伤亡是旅客自身健康原因造成的或者承运人证明伤亡是旅客故意、重大过失造成的除外。
The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply to any passenger exempted from ticket in accordance with the regulations, holding a complimentary ticket, or permitted by the carrier to travel without a ticket.
前款规定适用于按照规定免票、持优待票或者经承运人许可搭乘的无票旅客。
Article 824 Where an article that the passenger carries with him is destructed, damaged, or lost in the course of transportation, the carrier shall bear the liability for compensation, if the carrier is at fault.
第八百二十四条 在运输过程中旅客随身携带物品毁损、灭失，承运人有过错的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Where the passengers' checked-in baggages are destructed, damaged, or lost, the relevant provisions on the freight transport shall be applied.
旅客托运的行李毁损、灭失的，适用货物运输的有关规定。
Section 3 Freight Transport Contracts
第三节 货运合同
Article 825 A consignor, when consigning goods for transport, shall clearly declare to the carrier the information necessary for freight transport such as the name or entity name of the consignee or the consignee by order, as well as the name, nature, weight and quantity of the goods, and the place of delivery.
第八百二十五条 托运人办理货物运输，应当向承运人准确表明收货人的姓名、名称或者凭指示的收货人，货物的名称、性质、重量、数量，收货地点等有关货物运输的必要情况。
If a loss is caused to the carrier due to the consignor's untrue declaration or omission of substantial information, the consignor shall bear the liability for compensation.
因托运人申报不实或者遗漏重要情况，造成承运人损失的，托运人应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 826 Where a freight transport is subject to approval or inspection, the consignor shall submit to the carrier the documents showing the completion of the relevant formalities.
第八百二十六条 货物运输需要办理审批、检验等手续的，托运人应当将办理完有关手续的文件提交承运人。
Article 827 A consignor shall package the goods in a manner as agreed by the parties. Where there is no agreement by the parties on the packaging manner or the agreement is unclear, the provisions of Article 619 of this Code shall be applied.
第八百二十七条 托运人应当按照约定的方式包装货物。对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第六百一十九条的规定。
Where a consignor violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the carrier may refuse to conduct the transportation.
托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以拒绝运输。
Article 828 Where a consignor consigns for transportation such dangerous goods as inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive or radioactive articles, the consignor shall, in accordance with the regulations of the State on the transport of dangerous goods, properly package the dangerous goods, affix warning signs and labels thereto, and submit to the carrier written documents concerning the name, nature, and precautionary measures relevant to the dangerous goods.
第八百二十八条 托运人托运易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品的，应当按照国家有关危险物品运输的规定对危险物品妥善包装，做出危险物品标志和标签，并将有关危险物品的名称、性质和防范措施的书面材料提交承运人。
Where a consignor violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the carrier may refuse to conduct the transport, or take appropriate measures to prevent losses, and the expenses thus incurred shall be borne by the consignor.
托运人违反前款规定的，承运人可以拒绝运输，也可以采取相应措施以避免损失的发生，因此产生的费用由托运人负担。
Article 829 Before a carrier delivers the goods to the consignee, the consignor may ask the carrier to stop transportation, return the goods, change the place of destination, or deliver the goods to another consignee, provided that the consignor shall compensate for the losses thus caused to the carrier.
第八百二十九条 在承运人将货物交付收货人之前，托运人可以要求承运人中止运输、返还货物、变更到达地或者将货物交给其他收货人，但是应当赔偿承运人因此受到的损失。
Article 830 After the goods are transported to the place of destination, the carrier shall promptly notify the consignee where the carrier knows who is the consignee, and the consignee shall promptly take delivery of the goods. Where the consignee delays in taking delivery of the goods, the consignee shall pay storage and other fees to the carrier.
第八百三十条 货物运输到达后，承运人知道收货人的，应当及时通知收货人，收货人应当及时提货。收货人逾期提货的，应当向承运人支付保管费等费用。
Article 831 Upon taking delivery of the goods, a consignee shall inspect the goods within the time limit as agreed by the parties. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the time limit for inspection of the goods or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the consignee shall inspect the goods within a reasonable period of time. Where the consignee does not raise any objection on the quantity, destruction, damage, or loss of the goods within the agreed time limit or a reasonable period of time, the silence shall be deemed as a preliminary evidence that the carrier has delivered the goods in accordance with the transport documents.
第八百三十一条 收货人提货时应当按照约定的期限检验货物。对检验货物的期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，应当在合理期限内检验货物。收货人在约定的期限或者合理期限内对货物的数量、毁损等未提出异议的，视为承运人已经按照运输单证的记载交付的初步证据。
Article 832 A carrier shall bear the liability for compensation for any destruction, damage, or loss of the goods occurring in the course of transport, except that the carrier shall not bear the liability for compensation if the carrier proves that the destruction, damage, or loss of the goods is caused by force majeure, the inherent nature of the goods, or reasonable wear and tear, or is caused by the negligence of the consignor or the consignee.
第八百三十二条 承运人对运输过程中货物的毁损、灭失承担赔偿责任。但是，承运人证明货物的毁损、灭失是因不可抗力、货物本身的自然性质或者合理损耗以及托运人、收货人的过错造成的，不承担赔偿责任。
Article 833 The amount of compensation for the destruction, damage, or loss of the goods shall be in accordance with the agreement between the parties if there is such an agreement. Where the agreement on the amount of compensation is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the amount of compensation shall be calculated based on the market price of the goods at the place of delivery at the time when the goods are delivered or should have been delivered. If there are laws or administrative regulations providing otherwise concerning the calculation method and the limit of the compensation amount, such provisions shall be followed.
第八百三十三条 货物的毁损、灭失的赔偿额，当事人有约定的，按照其约定；没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，按照交付或者应当交付时货物到达地的市场价格计算。法律、行政法规对赔偿额的计算方法和赔偿限额另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 834 Where two or more carriers engage in a connected transport of the same mode, the carrier who concludes the contract with the consignor shall be responsible for the entire transport. If a loss occurs at one section of the transportation, the carrier who concludes the contract with the consignor and the carrier in the said section shall assume joint and several liability.
第八百三十四条 两个以上承运人以同一运输方式联运的，与托运人订立合同的承运人应当对全程运输承担责任；损失发生在某一运输区段的，与托运人订立合同的承运人和该区段的承运人承担连带责任。
Article 835 Where the goods are lost in the course of transport due to force majeure, unless otherwise provided by law, the carrier may not request the payment of the freight if the freight has not yet been collected, and the consignor may request for a refund if the freight has already been collected.
第八百三十五条 货物在运输过程中因不可抗力灭失，未收取运费的，承运人不得请求支付运费；已经收取运费的，托运人可以请求返还。法律另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 836 If a consignor or consignee fails to pay freight, storage fees, or other expenses, the carrier has the right to retain the goods under a lien, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第八百三十六条 托运人或者收货人不支付运费、保管费或者其他费用的，承运人对相应的运输货物享有留置权，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 837 Where a consignee is unknown or the consignee refuses to take delivery of the goods without just cause, the carrier may have the goods placed in escrow in accordance with law.
第八百三十七条 收货人不明或者收货人无正当理由拒绝受领货物的，承运人依法可以提存货物。
Section 4 Multi-modal Transport Contracts
第四节 多式联运合同
Article 838 An operator of multi-modal transport is responsible for performing or organizing the performance of a multi-modal transport contract, enjoys the rights and assumes the obligations of a carrier throughout the entire transport.
第八百三十八条 多式联运经营人负责履行或者组织履行多式联运合同，对全程运输享有承运人的权利，承担承运人的义务。
Article 839 An operator of multi-modal transport may agree with the carriers of the different sections of the multi-modal transport on their respective responsibilities for transport in each section under the multi-modal transport contract, provided that such an agreement shall not affect the obligations of the operator for the entire transport.
第八百三十九条 多式联运经营人可以与参加多式联运的各区段承运人就多式联运合同的各区段运输约定相互之间的责任；但是，该约定不影响多式联运经营人对全程运输承担的义务。
Article 840 An operator of multi-modal transport shall, upon receipt of the goods consigned for transport by the consignor, issue multi-modal transport documents. The multi-modal transport documents may be negotiable or non-negotiable, as requested by the consignor.
第八百四十条 多式联运经营人收到托运人交付的货物时，应当签发多式联运单据。按照托运人的要求，多式联运单据可以是可转让单据，也可以是不可转让单据。
Article 841 Where losses are caused to an operator of multi-modal transport due to the fault of a consignor at the time of consigning the goods for transport, the consignor shall bear the liability for compensation even if the consignor has transferred the multi-modal transport documents.
第八百四十一条 因托运人托运货物时的过错造成多式联运经营人损失的，即使托运人已经转让多式联运单据，托运人仍然应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 842 Where destruction, damage, or loss of goods occurs in one section of the multi-modal transport, the provisions of the relevant laws regulating the transport modes of the section shall apply to the liability for compensation to be assumed by the operator of multi-modal transport and the limits of the liability. Where the section of transport in which such destruction, damage, or loss has occurred cannot be determined, liability for compensation shall be borne in accordance with the provisions of this Chapter.
第八百四十二条 货物的毁损、灭失发生于多式联运的某一运输区段的，多式联运经营人的赔偿责任和责任限额，适用调整该区段运输方式的有关法律规定；货物毁损、灭失发生的运输区段不能确定的，依照本章规定承担赔偿责任。
Chapter XX Technology Contracts
第二十章 技术合同
Section 1 General Rules
第一节 一般规定
Article 843 A technology contract is a contract concluded by the parties to clarify their rights and obligations for technology development, transfer, licensing, consultation or service.
第八百四十三条 技术合同是当事人就技术开发、转让、许可、咨询或者服务订立的确立相互之间权利和义务的合同。
Article 844 The conclusion of a technology contract shall be conducive to the protection of intellectual property rights and the advance of science and technology, and shall promote the research and development, transformation, application, and dissemination of the achievements in science and technology.
第八百四十四条 订立技术合同，应当有利于知识产权的保护和科学技术的进步，促进科学技术成果的研发、转化、应用和推广。
Article 845 A technology contract generally contains clauses specifying the name of the project, the content, scope, and requirements of the object, the plan, place, and manner of performance, the confidentiality of technological information and materials, the ownership over the technological achievements and the method of proceeds distribution, the criteria and method of the inspection for acceptance, interpretation of terminologies, and the like.
第八百四十五条 技术合同的内容一般包括项目的名称，标的的内容、范围和要求，履行的计划、地点和方式，技术信息和资料的保密，技术成果的归属和收益的分配办法，验收标准和方法，名词和术语的解释等条款。
Materials such as technological background information, the feasibility studies and technological evaluation reports, the project task paper and plans, technology standards, technology norms, original design and technical documents, as well as other technical documents which are relevant to the performance of the contract may, as agreed by the parties, be component parts of the contract.
与履行合同有关的技术背景资料、可行性论证和技术评价报告、项目任务书和计划书、技术标准、技术规范、原始设计和工艺文件，以及其他技术文档，按照当事人的约定可以作为合同的组成部分。
Where a technology contract involves a patent, it shall indicate the designation of the invention, the applicant and the patentee thereof, the date of application, the application number, the patent number, and duration of the patent rights.
技术合同涉及专利的，应当注明发明创造的名称、专利申请人和专利权人、申请日期、申请号、专利号以及专利权的有效期限。
Article 846 The method of payment for the price, remuneration, or royalty shall be agreed by the parties in a technology contract, and the payment may be made in a lump-sum or by installment based on one-time calculation, or based on the method of commission payment or such payment plus an upfront fee.
第八百四十六条 技术合同价款、报酬或者使用费的支付方式由当事人约定，可以采取一次总算、一次总付或者一次总算、分期支付，也可以采取提成支付或者提成支付附加预付入门费的方式。
Where the parties agree to adopt a method of commission payment, the commission may be drawn at a specific percentage from the price of the product, the newly-increased output value and profits attained from the exploitation of patents and the utilization of technological know-how, or the sales revenue of the product, or be calculated by other methods as agreed by the parties. The said percentage may be a fixed percentage, or one that increases or decreases year by year.
约定提成支付的，可以按照产品价格、实施专利和使用技术秘密后新增的产值、利润或者产品销售额的一定比例提成，也可以按照约定的其他方式计算。提成支付的比例可以采取固定比例、逐年递增比例或者逐年递减比例。
Where the parties agree to adopt commission payment, they may specify the method for examining the relevant accounting books.
约定提成支付的，当事人可以约定查阅有关会计账目的办法。
Article 847 Where a right to use or transfer a work for hire belongs to a legal person or an unincorporated organization, the legal person or unincorporated organization may conclude a technology contract on the work for hire. Where the legal person or unincorporated organization concludes a technology contract to transfer the work for hire, the creator of the work for hire has right in priority to acquire it on equivalent conditions.
第八百四十七条 职务技术成果的使用权、转让权属于法人或者非法人组织的，法人或者非法人组织可以就该项职务技术成果订立技术合同。法人或者非法人组织订立技术合同转让职务技术成果时，职务技术成果的完成人享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。
A work for hire is a technological achievement that is accomplished as a result of performing the tasks assigned by a legal person or unincorporated organization or that is accomplished mainly by using the material and technological resources of the said legal person or unincorporated organization.
职务技术成果是执行法人或者非法人组织的工作任务，或者主要是利用法人或者非法人组织的物质技术条件所完成的技术成果。
Article 848 The right to use or transfer of a technological work product other than a work for hire belongs to its creator who may conclude a technology contract on such work product.
第八百四十八条 非职务技术成果的使用权、转让权属于完成技术成果的个人，完成技术成果的个人可以就该项非职务技术成果订立技术合同。
Article 849 An individual person who has accomplished a technological work product has the right to indicate on the relevant documents of the technological work product that he is the creator thereof, and to receive certificate of honor and rewards.
第八百四十九条 完成技术成果的个人享有在有关技术成果文件上写明自己是技术成果完成者的权利和取得荣誉证书、奖励的权利。
Article 850 A technology contract that illegally monopolies technologies or infringes upon others technological work product is invalid.
第八百五十条 非法垄断技术或者侵害他人技术成果的技术合同无效。
Section 2 Technology Development Contracts
第二节 技术开发合同
Article 851 A technology development contract is a contract concluded by the parties concerning the research and development of a new technology, product, technique, variety, or material, as well as the system thereof.
第八百五十一条 技术开发合同是当事人之间就新技术、新产品、新工艺、新品种或者新材料及其系统的研究开发所订立的合同。
Technology development contracts consist of commissioned development contracts and cooperative development contracts.
技术开发合同包括委托开发合同和合作开发合同。
A technology development contract shall be in writing.
技术开发合同应当采用书面形式。
The relevant provisions on the technology development contracts shall be applied mutatis mutandis to a contract concluded by the parties on the application and transformation of a technological product with a value for practical use.
当事人之间就具有实用价值的科技成果实施转化订立的合同，参照适用技术开发合同的有关规定。
Article 852 A client of a commissioned development contract shall pay for the research and development fees and the remunerations in accordance with the agreement, provide technological materials, make proposals for research and development, complete his tasks in the cooperative work, and accept the work product of the research and development.
第八百五十二条 委托开发合同的委托人应当按照约定支付研究开发经费和报酬，提供技术资料，提出研究开发要求，完成协作事项，接受研究开发成果。
Article 853 A researcher-developer of a commissioned development contract shall work out and implement a research and development plan in accordance with the contract, make reasonable use of the research and development funds, complete the research and development work as scheduled, deliver the work product of research and development, provide relevant technological materials and necessary technological guidance so as to help the client comprehend the work product of the research and development.
第八百五十三条 委托开发合同的研究开发人应当按照约定制定和实施研究开发计划，合理使用研究开发经费，按期完成研究开发工作，交付研究开发成果，提供有关的技术资料和必要的技术指导，帮助委托人掌握研究开发成果。
Article 854 Where a party to a commissioned development contract defaults, thus causing the stoppage, delay, or failure of the research and development work, the party shall bear default liability.
第八百五十四条 委托开发合同的当事人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，应当承担违约责任。
Article 855 The parties to a cooperative development contract shall make investments in a form agreed by the parties, including contribution of the technology in investment, participation in the research and development work by performing their respective duties, and cooperation in the research and development.
第八百五十五条 合作开发合同的当事人应当按照约定进行投资，包括以技术进行投资，分工参与研究开发工作，协作配合研究开发工作。
Article 856 Where a party to a cooperative development contract defaults, thus causing the stoppage, delay, or failure of the research and development work, the party shall bear default liability.
第八百五十六条 合作开发合同的当事人违反约定造成研究开发工作停滞、延误或者失败的，应当承担违约责任。
Article 857 Where a technology which is the object of a technology development contract is revealed to the public by others, thus rendering the performance of the contract meaningless, the parties may rescind the contract.
第八百五十七条 作为技术开发合同标的的技术已经由他人公开，致使技术开发合同的履行没有意义的，当事人可以解除合同。
Article 858 The parties to a technology development contract shall agree on the allocation of risks of insurmountable technological difficulties arising in the performance of the contract which causes total or partial failure of the research and development. Where there is no such a agreement between the parties or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the parties shall share the risks in a reasonable way.
第八百五十八条 技术开发合同履行过程中，因出现无法克服的技术困难，致使研究开发失败或者部分失败的，该风险由当事人约定；没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，风险由当事人合理分担。
Where a party finds that a situation specified in the preceding paragraph exists which may cause total or partial failure of the research and development, he shall promptly notify the other party and take appropriate measures to mitigate the loss. Where he fails to promptly inform the other party and take appropriate measures so that the loss is aggravated, he shall be liable for the aggravated part of the loss.
当事人一方发现前款规定的可能致使研究开发失败或者部分失败的情形时，应当及时通知另一方并采取适当措施减少损失；没有及时通知并采取适当措施，致使损失扩大的，应当就扩大的损失承担责任。
Article 859 Where an invention is accomplished through commissioned development, the right to apply for patent thereof belongs to the researcher-developer, unless otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties. Where the researcher-developer has obtained the patent right, the client may exploit the patent in accordance with law.
第八百五十九条 委托开发完成的发明创造，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定外，申请专利的权利属于研究开发人。研究开发人取得专利权的，委托人可以依法实施该专利。
Where a researcher-developer is to transfer his right to apply for a patent, the client has a priority right to acquire the right on equivalent conditions.
研究开发人转让专利申请权的，委托人享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。
Article 860 Where an invention is accomplished through cooperative development, the right to apply for patent jointly belongs to all parties to the cooperative development. Where one party is to transfer the part of the joint patent application right he owns, the other parties have a priority right to acquire the right on equivalent conditions, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第八百六十条 合作开发完成的发明创造，申请专利的权利属于合作开发的当事人共有；当事人一方转让其共有的专利申请权的，其他各方享有以同等条件优先受让的权利。但是，当事人另有约定的除外。
Where a party to a cooperative development waives the part of patent application right he owns, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the other party may make the application, or the other parties may jointly make the application, as the case may be. Where the applicant(s) acquires the patent right, the party who has waived his right may exploit the patent free of charge.
合作开发的当事人一方声明放弃其共有的专利申请权的，除当事人另有约定外，可以由另一方单独申请或者由其他各方共同申请。申请人取得专利权的，放弃专利申请权的一方可以免费实施该专利。
Where one party to a cooperative development does not agree to apply for patent, the other party or parties may not apply therefor.
合作开发的当事人一方不同意申请专利的，另一方或者其他各方不得申请专利。
Article 861 The right to use and the right to transfer a work product containing technological know-how accomplished through commissioned development or cooperative development, as well as the method for distributing the proceeds thereof, shall be agreed by the parties. Where there is no such an agreement between the parties or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, all the parties have the right to use and transfer the said work product, as long as no patent right has been granted on a same technological solution, except that a researcher-developer of a commissioned development may not transfer the work product to a third person before he delivers it to the client.
第八百六十一条 委托开发或者合作开发完成的技术秘密成果的使用权、转让权以及收益的分配办法，由当事人约定；没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，在没有相同技术方案被授予专利权前，当事人均有使用和转让的权利。但是，委托开发的研究开发人不得在向委托人交付研究开发成果之前，将研究开发成果转让给第三人。
Section 3 Technology Transfer Contracts and Technology Licensing Contracts
第三节 技术转让合同和技术许可合同
Article 862 A technology transfer contract is a contract under which a lawful right holder of a technology assigns to another person the relevant rights in respect of a specific patent, application for a patent, or technological know-how.
第八百六十二条 技术转让合同是合法拥有技术的权利人，将现有特定的专利、专利申请、技术秘密的相关权利让与他人所订立的合同。
A technology licensing contract is a contract under which a lawful right holder of a technology authorizes another person to exercise the relevant rights to apply and exploit a specific patent or technological know-how.
技术许可合同是合法拥有技术的权利人，将现有特定的专利、技术秘密的相关权利许可他人实施、使用所订立的合同。
The agreement in a technology transfer contract or a technology licensing contract on the provision of special equipment and raw materials for application of technology or on the provision of the relevant technology consultation and technology service is a component part of the contract.
技术转让合同和技术许可合同中关于提供实施技术的专用设备、原材料或者提供有关的技术咨询、技术服务的约定，属于合同的组成部分。
Article 863 Technology transfer contracts include the contracts for the transfer of patent right, the contracts for transfer of the right to apply for a patent, the contracts for transfer of technological know-how, and the like.
第八百六十三条 技术转让合同包括专利权转让、专利申请权转让、技术秘密转让等合同。
Technology licensing contracts include the patent exploitation licensing contracts, technological know-how licensing contracts, and the like.
技术许可合同包括专利实施许可、技术秘密使用许可等合同。
Technology transfer contracts and technology licensing contracts shall be in writing.
技术转让合同和技术许可合同应当采用书面形式。
Article 864 A technology transfer contract or a technology licensing contract may specify the scope to exploit the patent or to use the technological know-how, but may not restrict competition or development of the technologies.
第八百六十四条 技术转让合同和技术许可合同可以约定实施专利或者使用技术秘密的范围，但是不得限制技术竞争和技术发展。
Article 865 A patent exploitation licensing contract is valid only within the period during which the patent is valid. Where the term of the patent right expires or the patent right is declared invalid, the patentee may not conclude a patent exploitation licensing contract relating to the said patent with another person.
第八百六十五条 专利实施许可合同仅在该专利权的存续期限内有效。专利权有效期限届满或者专利权被宣告无效的，专利权人不得就该专利与他人订立专利实施许可合同。
Article 866 A licensor in a patent exploitation licensing contract shall permit the licensee to exploit the patent, deliver the technological materials related to the patent exploitation, and provide necessary technological guidance in accordance with the agreement.
第八百六十六条 专利实施许可合同的许可人应当按照约定许可被许可人实施专利，交付实施专利有关的技术资料，提供必要的技术指导。
Article 867 A licensee in a patent exploitation licensing contract shall exploit the patent in accordance with the agreement, may not allow a third person outside the contract to exploit the patent, and shall pay the agreed royalties.
第八百六十七条 专利实施许可合同的被许可人应当按照约定实施专利，不得许可约定以外的第三人实施该专利，并按照约定支付使用费。
Article 868 A transferor in a technological know-how transfer contract or a licensor in a technological know-how licensing contract shall, in accordance with the agreement, provide technological materials, give technological guidance, guarantee the practical applicability and reliability of the technology, and perform confidentiality obligations.
第八百六十八条 技术秘密转让合同的让与人和技术秘密使用许可合同的许可人应当按照约定提供技术资料，进行技术指导，保证技术的实用性、可靠性，承担保密义务。
The confidentiality obligations provided in the preceding paragraph shall not restrict the licensor from applying for a patent, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
前款规定的保密义务，不限制许可人申请专利，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 869 A transferee in a technological know-how transfer contract or a licensee in a technological know-how licensing contract shall, in accordance with the agreement, exploit the technology, pay the transfer fee and royalties, and perform confidentiality obligations.
第八百六十九条 技术秘密转让合同的受让人和技术秘密使用许可合同的被许可人应当按照约定使用技术，支付转让费、使用费，承担保密义务。
Article 870 A transferor in a technological transfer contract or a licensor in a technological know-how licensing contract shall guarantee that he is the lawful owner of the technology provided therein, and guarantee that the technology provided is complete, errorless, effective, and capable of acheiving the goal as agreed by the parties.
第八百七十条 技术转让合同的让与人和技术许可合同的许可人应当保证自己是所提供的技术的合法拥有者，并保证所提供的技术完整、无误、有效，能够达到约定的目标。
Article 871 A transferee in a technology transfer contract or a licensee in a technological know-how licensing contract shall, in accordance with the scope and time limit agreed by the parties, perform his confidentiality obligation regarding the part of the technology provided by the transferor or licensor that have not been disclosed to the public.
第八百七十一条 技术转让合同的受让人和技术许可合同的被许可人应当按照约定的范围和期限，对让与人、许可人提供的技术中尚未公开的秘密部分，承担保密义务。
Article 872 A licensor who fails to license the technology in accordance with the agreement shall refund the royalties in part or in full and bear default liability. A licensor who exploits a patent or technological know-how beyond the agreed scope, or, without authorization, allows a third person to exploit the patent or utilize the technological know-how in breach of the agreement shall stop his breaching act and bear default liability. He shall bear default liability if he breaches the confidentiality obligation as agreed.
第八百七十二条 许可人未按照约定许可技术的，应当返还部分或者全部使用费，并应当承担违约责任；实施专利或者使用技术秘密超越约定的范围的，违反约定擅自许可第三人实施该项专利或者使用该项技术秘密的，应当停止违约行为，承担违约责任；违反约定的保密义务的，应当承担违约责任。
Where a transferor is liable for breach of contract, the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
让与人承担违约责任，参照适用前款规定。
Article 873 A licensee who fails to pay royalties in accordance with the agreement shall make up for the payment of royalties and pay the liquidated damages. Where the licensee fails to do so, he shall stop exploitation of the patent or utilization of the technological know-how, return the technological materials, and bear default liability. Where a licensee who exploits the patent or utilizes the technological know-how beyond the agreed scope, or allows a third person, without authorization, to exploit the patent or to utilize the technological know-how, he shall stop his breaching acts and bear default liability. The licensee who breaches the confidentiality obligation as agreed shall bear default liability.
第八百七十三条 被许可人未按照约定支付使用费的，应当补交使用费并按照约定支付违约金；不补交使用费或者支付违约金的，应当停止实施专利或者使用技术秘密，交还技术资料，承担违约责任；实施专利或者使用技术秘密超越约定的范围的，未经许可人同意擅自许可第三人实施该专利或者使用该技术秘密的，应当停止违约行为，承担违约责任；违反约定的保密义务的，应当承担违约责任。
The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall be applied mutatis mutandis to a transferee who shall bear default liability.
受让人承担违约责任，参照适用前款规定。
Article 874 Where the exploitation of a patent or utilization of a technological know-how by the transferee or the licensee in accordance with the agreement infringes upon the lawful rights and interests of another person, the liability therefor shall be borne by the transferor or the licensor, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第八百七十四条 受让人或者被许可人按照约定实施专利、使用技术秘密侵害他人合法权益的，由让与人或者许可人承担责任，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 875 The parties may, in compliance with the principle of mutual benefit, agree in the contract the method for sharing any subsequently improved technological product obtained in exploitation of the patent or utilization of the technological know-how. Where there is no agreement on such method or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the subsequently improved technological product made by one party may not be shared by any other party.
第八百七十五条 当事人可以按照互利的原则，在合同中约定实施专利、使用技术秘密后续改进的技术成果的分享办法；没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，一方后续改进的技术成果，其他各方无权分享。
Article 876 The relevant provisions of this Section shall be applied mutatis mutandis to the transfer and licensing of the exclusive rights to layout-designs of integrated circuits, rights to new plant varieties, computer software copyrights, and other intellectual property rights, and the like.
第八百七十六条 集成电路布图设计专有权、植物新品种权、计算机软件著作权等其他知识产权的转让和许可，参照适用本节的有关规定。
Article 877 Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing otherwise on contracts for technology import and export, or on contracts for patents and application of patents, the relevant provisions shall be followed.
第八百七十七条 法律、行政法规对技术进出口合同或者专利、专利申请合同另有规定的，依照其规定。
Section 4 Technology Consultation Contracts and Technology Service Contracts
第四节 技术咨询合同和技术服务合同
Article 878 A technology consultation contract is a contract under which one party uses his technological knowledge to provide to the other party the feasibility study, technological forecast, special technological investigation, and analysis and evaluation report on a specific technological project.
第八百七十八条 技术咨询合同是当事人一方以技术知识为对方就特定技术项目提供可行性论证、技术预测、专题技术调查、分析评价报告等所订立的合同。
A technology service contract is a contract under which one party uses his technological knowledge to solve specific technological problems for the other party. Technology service contracts does not include work contracts or construction project contracts.
技术服务合同是当事人一方以技术知识为对方解决特定技术问题所订立的合同，不包括承揽合同和建设工程合同。
Article 879 A client in a technology consultation contract shall, in accordance with the agreement, clarify the issues for consultation, provide technological background information and the related materials, accept the work product of the entrusted person, and pay remuneration.
第八百七十九条 技术咨询合同的委托人应当按照约定阐明咨询的问题，提供技术背景材料及有关技术资料，接受受托人的工作成果，支付报酬。
Article 880 The entrusted person in a technology consultation contract shall complete the consultation report or resolve the issues within the agreed time limit, and the consultation report submitted shall meet the requirements as agreed by the parties.
第八百八十条 技术咨询合同的受托人应当按照约定的期限完成咨询报告或者解答问题，提出的咨询报告应当达到约定的要求。
Article 881 Where a client in a technology consultation contract fails to provide the necessary materials in accordance with the agreement thus affecting the progress and quality of the work, or if the client fails to accept the work product or delays the acceptance, he may not request refund for the paid remuneration and shall pay any unpaid remuneration.
第八百八十一条 技术咨询合同的委托人未按照约定提供必要的资料，影响工作进度和质量，不接受或者逾期接受工作成果的，支付的报酬不得追回，未支付的报酬应当支付。
An entrusted person in a technology consultation contract who fails to submit the consultation report as scheduled or submits a report failing to meet the requirements as agreed by the parties shall bear default liability in form of reduction or waiver of its remuneration, and the like.
技术咨询合同的受托人未按期提出咨询报告或者提出的咨询报告不符合约定的，应当承担减收或者免收报酬等违约责任。
Where a client in a technology consultation contract makes a decision in reliance upon the entrusted person’s consultation report and advice that meet the requirements as agreed by the parties, any losses thus caused shall be borne by the client, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
技术咨询合同的委托人按照受托人符合约定要求的咨询报告和意见作出决策所造成的损失，由委托人承担，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 882 A client in a technology service contract shall, in accordance with the agreement, provide working conditions, perform the cooperative work, accept the work product, and pay remuneration.
第八百八十二条 技术服务合同的委托人应当按照约定提供工作条件，完成配合事项，接受工作成果并支付报酬。
Article 883 An entrusted person in a technology service contract shall, in accordance with the agreement, complete the services, solve the technological issues, guarantee the quality of the work, and impart the knowledge for solving the technological problems.
第八百八十三条 技术服务合同的受托人应当按照约定完成服务项目，解决技术问题，保证工作质量，并传授解决技术问题的知识。
Article 884 Where a client to a technology service contract fails to perform his contractual obligations or performs his obligations in a manner inconsistent with the contract, thus affecting the progress and quality of the work, or fails to accept the work product or delays the acceptance, he may not request for refund of the paid remuneration, and shall pay any unpaid remuneration.
第八百八十四条 技术服务合同的委托人不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，影响工作进度和质量，不接受或者逾期接受工作成果的，支付的报酬不得追回，未支付的报酬应当支付。
An entrusted person in a technology service contract who fails to complete the service work in accordance with the agreement shall bear default liability in such form as waiver of his remuneration, and the like.
技术服务合同的受托人未按照约定完成服务工作的，应当承担免收报酬等违约责任。
Article 885 Unless otherwise agreed by the parties, in the course of performance of a technology consultation contract or a technology service contract, the new technological product made by the entrusted person with technological materials and working conditions provided by the client belongs to the entrusted person. The new technological products made by the client based on the work product of the entrusted person belongs to the client.
第八百八十五条 技术咨询合同、技术服务合同履行过程中，受托人利用委托人提供的技术资料和工作条件完成的新的技术成果，属于受托人。委托人利用受托人的工作成果完成的新的技术成果，属于委托人。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。
Article 886 Where there is no agreement in a technology consultation contract or a technology service contract on the bearing of the necessary expenses for the entrusted person to carry out the normal work, or the agreement is unclear, the said expenses shall be borne by the entrusted person.
第八百八十六条 技术咨询合同和技术服务合同对受托人正常开展工作所需费用的负担没有约定或者约定不明确的，由受托人负担。
Article 887 Where there are laws or administrative regulations providing otherwise on technology intermediary contracts and technology training contracts, the relevant provisions shall be followed.
第八百八十七条 法律、行政法规对技术中介合同、技术培训合同另有规定的，依照其规定。
Chapter XXI Contracts for Custody of Property
第二十一章 保管合同
Article 888 A contract for custody of property is a contract under which a custodian keeps the article delivered by a depositor and returns the said article.
第八百八十八条 保管合同是保管人保管寄存人交付的保管物，并返还该物的合同。
Where a depositor conducts shopping, dining, lodging, or other activities in the custodian’s place and deposits an article at a designated area, the article is deemed to be placed in the custodian’s custody unless otherwise agreed by the parties or required by the course of dealing.
寄存人到保管人处从事购物、就餐、住宿等活动，将物品存放在指定场所的，视为保管，但是当事人另有约定或者另有交易习惯的除外。
Article 889 A depositor shall pay the safekeeping fee to the custodian in accordance with the agreement.
第八百八十九条 寄存人应当按照约定向保管人支付保管费。
Where there is no agreement between the parties on the safekeeping fee or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the article is deemed to be placed in a gratuitous custody.
当事人对保管费没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，视为无偿保管。
Article 890 A contract for custody of property is formed upon delivery of the article to be kept under custody, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第八百九十条 保管合同自保管物交付时成立，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 891 Where a depositor delivers to a custodian an article to be kept under his custodey, the custodian shall issue a safekeeping certificate, unless otherwise required by the course of dealing.
第八百九十一条 寄存人向保管人交付保管物的，保管人应当出具保管凭证，但是另有交易习惯的除外。
Article 892 A custodian shall properly keep the deposited article.
第八百九十二条 保管人应当妥善保管保管物。
The parties may agree on the place and method of safekeeping. Except in case of emergency or in the interests of the depositor, the place and method of sefekeeping may not be changed without the other party’s consent.
当事人可以约定保管场所或者方法。除紧急情况或者为维护寄存人利益外，不得擅自改变保管场所或者方法。
Article 893 Where a depositor delivers to a custodian an article to be kept under custody that has defects or needs special safekeeping measures based on its nature, he shall inform the custodian of the relevant information. Where the depositor fails to do so thus causing damage to the deposited article, the custodian shall not bear the liability for compensation. Where the custodian suffers a loss therefrom, the depositor shall be liable for compensation unless the custodian knows or should have known the situation but fails to take remedial measures.
第八百九十三条 寄存人交付的保管物有瑕疵或者根据保管物的性质需要采取特殊保管措施的，寄存人应当将有关情况告知保管人。寄存人未告知，致使保管物受损失的，保管人不承担赔偿责任；保管人因此受损失的，除保管人知道或者应当知道且未采取补救措施外，寄存人应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 894 A custodian may not re-deposit an article under his custody to a third person for safekeeping, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第八百九十四条 保管人不得将保管物转交第三人保管，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
A custodian who re-deposits the article under his custody to a third person for safekeeping in violation of the preceding paragraph thus causing damage to the article shall bear the liability for compensation.
保管人违反前款规定，将保管物转交第三人保管，造成保管物损失的，应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 895 A custodian may not use or permit a third person to use the article under his custody, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第八百九十五条 保管人不得使用或者许可第三人使用保管物，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 896 Where a third person claims against an article under a custodian’s custody, the custodian shall perform the obligation of returning the article to the depositor, unless the said article is put under preservation or enforcement in accordance with law.
第八百九十六条 第三人对保管物主张权利的，除依法对保管物采取保全或者执行措施外，保管人应当履行向寄存人返还保管物的义务。
Where a third person initiates an action against the custodian or applies for detention of the article under the latter’s custody, the custodian shall promptly notify the depositor.
第三人对保管人提起诉讼或者对保管物申请扣押的，保管人应当及时通知寄存人。
Article 897 Where an article under custody is destructed, damaged, or lost due to improper keeping by the custodian during the period the article is under his custody, the custodian shall bear the liability for compensation, except that a custodian who keeps the deposited article free of charge shall not bear the liability for compensation if he can prove that the destruction, damage, or loss is not caused by his intentional or grossly negligent act.
第八百九十七条 保管期内，因保管人保管不善造成保管物毁损、灭失的，保管人应当承担赔偿责任。但是，无偿保管人证明自己没有故意或者重大过失的，不承担赔偿责任。
Article 898 A depositor shall declare to the custodian if he deposits money, negotiable securities, or other valuable articles, and the custodian shall examine them for acception, or seal them; where the depositor fails to make such a declaration, if the said article is destructed, damaged, or lost, the custodian may make compensation based on a rate for ordinary articles.
第八百九十八条 寄存人寄存货币、有价证券或者其他贵重物品的，应当向保管人声明，由保管人验收或者封存；寄存人未声明的，该物品毁损、灭失后，保管人可以按照一般物品予以赔偿。
Article 899 A depositor may collect the article he deposited in custody at any time.
第八百九十九条 寄存人可以随时领取保管物。
Where there is no agreement between the parties on the period for the custody or the agreement is unclear, the custodian may, at any time, request the depositor to collect the article under his custody. Where there is an agreement on the period for the custody, without special cause, the custodian may not request the depositor to collect the article before such period expires.
当事人对保管期限没有约定或者约定不明确的，保管人可以随时请求寄存人领取保管物；约定保管期限的，保管人无特别事由，不得请求寄存人提前领取保管物。
Article 900 Upon expiration of the period for custody or where the depositor collects the article he deposits in custody before expiration of such period, the custodian shall return the article and the proceeds accrued thereof to the depositor.
第九百条 保管期限届满或者寄存人提前领取保管物的，保管人应当将原物及其孳息归还寄存人。
Article 901 Where money is deposited in custody, the custodian may return the money in the same currency and amount. Where other fungible goods are deposited in custody, the custodian may return the goods of the same kind, quality, and quantity in accordance with the agreement .
第九百零一条 保管人保管货币的，可以返还相同种类、数量的货币；保管其他可替代物的，可以按照约定返还相同种类、品质、数量的物品。
Article 902 Under a contract for non-gratuitous custody, the depositor shall pay the safekeeping fee to the custodian at a time agreed by the parties.
第九百零二条 有偿的保管合同，寄存人应当按照约定的期限向保管人支付保管费。
Where there is no agreement between the parties on the time limit for payment of the safekeeping fee or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the payment shall be made at the time the article under custody is collected.
当事人对支付期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，应当在领取保管物的同时支付。
Article 903 Where a depositor fails to pay the safekeeping fee or the other expenses, the custodian has the right to retain the article under custody under a lien, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第九百零三条 寄存人未按照约定支付保管费或者其他费用的，保管人对保管物享有留置权，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Chapter XXII Warehousing Contracts
第二十二章 仓储合同
Article 904 A warehousing contract is a contract under which a warehouser stores the goods delivered by the depositor for which the depositor pays the warehousing fee.
第九百零四条 仓储合同是保管人储存存货人交付的仓储物，存货人支付仓储费的合同。
Article 905 A warehousing contract is formed when there is a consensus of expression of intent between the warehouser and the depositor.
第九百零五条 仓储合同自保管人和存货人意思表示一致时成立。
Article 906 Where dangerous goods such as inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, radioactive, or perishable articles are to be stored, the depositor shall state the nature of the said goods and provide relevant information thereof.
第九百零六条 储存易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品或者易变质物品的，存货人应当说明该物品的性质，提供有关资料。
Where a depositor violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph, the warehouser may refuse to accept the goods for storage, or take appropriate measures to avoid losses, and the expenses thus incurred shall be borne by the depositor.
存货人违反前款规定的，保管人可以拒收仓储物，也可以采取相应措施以避免损失的发生，因此产生的费用由存货人负担。
A warehouser that stores dangerous goods such as inflammable, explosive, toxic, corrosive, and radioactive articles shall have the corresponding warehousing conditions.
保管人储存易燃、易爆、有毒、有腐蚀性、有放射性等危险物品的，应当具备相应的保管条件。
Article 907 A warehouser shall examine the goods before accepting them in accordance with the agreement. Where a warehouse, upon examining the goods, finds that the goods to be stored are inconsistent with the agreement, he shall promptly notify the depositor. A warehouser shall bear the liability for compensation if, after he has examined and accepted the stored goods, the goods are not in conformity with the agreement in terms of the types, quantity, or quality.
第九百零七条 保管人应当按照约定对入库仓储物进行验收。保管人验收时发现入库仓储物与约定不符合的，应当及时通知存货人。保管人验收后，发生仓储物的品种、数量、质量不符合约定的，保管人应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 908 Upon delivering of the goods for storage by a depositor, the warehouser shall issue a document such as a warehouse receipt or entry.
第九百零八条 存货人交付仓储物的，保管人应当出具仓单、入库单等凭证。
Article 909 A warehouser shall sign or stamp on a warehouse receipt. A warehouse receipt shall contain the following particulars:
第九百零九条 保管人应当在仓单上签名或者盖章。仓单包括下列事项：
(1) the name or designation and domicile of the depositor;
（一）存货人的姓名或者名称和住所；
(2) the type, quantity, quality, package, the number of pieces, and marks of the stored goods;
（二）仓储物的品种、数量、质量、包装及其件数和标记；
(3) the standard for damage and spoilage of the stored goods;
（三）仓储物的损耗标准；
(4) the warehousing site;
（四）储存场所；
(5) the warehousing period;
（五）储存期限；
(6) the warehousing fee;
（六）仓储费；
(7) the insured amount, term of insurance, and the designation of the insurer if the goods to be stored have been insured; and
（七）仓储物已经办理保险的，其保险金额、期间以及保险人的名称；
(8) the name of the issuer and the place and date of issuance.
（八）填发人、填发地和填发日期。
Article 910 A warehouse receipt is a proof for collecting the stored goods. Where a warehouse receipt is endorsed by the depositor or a holder of the receipt, and is signed or stamped by the warehouser, the right to collect the stored goods may be assigned to another person.
第九百一十条 仓单是提取仓储物的凭证。存货人或者仓单持有人在仓单上背书并经保管人签名或者盖章的，可以转让提取仓储物的权利。
Article 911 A warehouser shall, upon request of the depositor or the holder of the warehouse receipt, allow the depositor or the holder to examine the stored goods or to take samples thereof.
第九百一十一条 保管人根据存货人或者仓单持有人的要求，应当同意其检查仓储物或者提取样品。
Article 912 Where a warehouser finds that the stored goods deteriorate or suffer from other damages, the warehouser shall promptly notify the depositor or the holder of the warehouse receipt.
第九百一十二条 保管人发现入库仓储物有变质或者其他损坏的，应当及时通知存货人或者仓单持有人。
Article 913 Where a warehouser finds that the stored goods deteriorate or suffer from other damages, which endangers the safety and the normal warehousing of the other stored goods, he shall demand the depositor or the holder of the warehouse receipt to despose of the goods when necessary. In case of emergency, a warehouser may make necessary disposal, but afterwards shall promptly notify the depositor or the holder of the warehouse receipt about the situation.
第九百一十三条 保管人发现入库仓储物有变质或者其他损坏，危及其他仓储物的安全和正常保管的，应当催告存货人或者仓单持有人作出必要的处置。因情况紧急，保管人可以作出必要的处置；但是，事后应当将该情况及时通知存货人或者仓单持有人。
Article 914 Where there is no agreement between the parties on the warehousing period or the agreement is unclear, the depositor or the holder of the warehouse receipt may collect the stored goods at any time, and the warehouser may, at any time, request the depositor to collect the stored goods, provided that a reasonable period of time necessary for preparations shall be given.
第九百一十四条 当事人对储存期限没有约定或者约定不明确的，存货人或者仓单持有人可以随时提取仓储物，保管人也可以随时请求存货人或者仓单持有人提取仓储物，但是应当给予必要的准备时间。
Article 915 Upon expiration of the warehousing period, the depositor or the holder of the warehouse receipt shall collect the stored goods by presenting the warehouse receipt, warehouse entry, or the like. Where the depositor or the holder of the warehouse receipt delays in collecting the stored goods, additional warehousing fees shall be charged; where the goods are collected before expiration of the warehousing period, the warehousing fees shall not be reduced.
第九百一十五条 储存期限届满，存货人或者仓单持有人应当凭仓单、入库单等提取仓储物。存货人或者仓单持有人逾期提取的，应当加收仓储费；提前提取的，不减收仓储费。
Article 916 Where a depositor or a holder of the warehouse receipt fails to collect the stored goods upon expiration of the warehousing period, the warehouser may demand the depositor or the holder of the warehouse receipt to collect the goods within a reasonable period of time; if the depositor or the holder still fails to collect the goods beyond the reasonable period, the warehouser may have the warehoused goods placed in escrow.
第九百一十六条 储存期限届满，存货人或者仓单持有人不提取仓储物的，保管人可以催告其在合理期限内提取；逾期不提取的，保管人可以提存仓储物。
Article 917 If within the warehousing period, the stored goods are destructed, damaged, or lost due to improper warehousing by the warehouser, the depository shall bear the liability for compensation. Where the deterioration or damage of the stored goods is due to the inherent nature of the goods, or because the goods are not packaged in accordance with the agreement, or because they are stored beyond a valid storage period, the warehouser shall not be liable for compensation.
第九百一十七条 储存期内，因保管不善造成仓储物毁损、灭失的，保管人应当承担赔偿责任。因仓储物本身的自然性质、包装不符合约定或者超过有效储存期造成仓储物变质、损坏的，保管人不承担赔偿责任。
Article 918 For matters not provided in this Chapter, the relevant provisions on the contracts for custody of property shall be applied.
第九百一十八条 本章没有规定的，适用保管合同的有关规定。
Chapter XXIII Entrustment Contracts
第二十三章 委托合同
Article 919 An entrustment contract is a contract under which a principal and an agent agree that the agent shall handle the matters for the principal.
第九百一十九条 委托合同是委托人和受托人约定，由受托人处理委托人事务的合同。
Article 920 A principal may specifically entrust an agent to handle one or several matters, and may also generally entrust an agent to handle all matter of his.
第九百二十条 委托人可以特别委托受托人处理一项或者数项事务，也可以概括委托受托人处理一切事务。
Article 921 A principal shall pay in advance the expenses for handling the entrusted matter. Where an agent pays for the principal necessary expenses in handling an entrusted matter, the principal shall reimburse the expenses with interest.
第九百二十一条 委托人应当预付处理委托事务的费用。受托人为处理委托事务垫付的必要费用，委托人应当偿还该费用并支付利息。
Article 922 An agent shall handle the entrusted matter in accordance with the instructions given by the principal. Where it is necessary to modify such instructions, the modification shall be consented to by the principal; where the situation is emergent and it is difficult to obtain the principal’s consent, the agent shall properly handle the entrusted matter, and shall, afterwards, promptly inform the principal of the situation.
第九百二十二条 受托人应当按照委托人的指示处理委托事务。需要变更委托人指示的，应当经委托人同意；因情况紧急，难以和委托人取得联系的，受托人应当妥善处理委托事务，但是事后应当将该情况及时报告委托人。
Article 923 An agent shall handle the entrusted matter in person. With the consent of the principal, an agent may sub-entrust it to a third person. Where the sub-entrustment is consented to or ratified by the principal, the principal may directly instruct the sub-entrusted third person on an entrusted matter, and the agent shall only be liable for the selection of the third person and for the instructions given by himself to the third person. If the sub-entrustment is not consented to or ratified by the principal, the agent shall be liable for an act done by the sub-entrusted third person, unless the sub-entrustment is for protecting the interests of the principal in case of emergency.
第九百二十三条 受托人应当亲自处理委托事务。经委托人同意，受托人可以转委托。转委托经同意或者追认的，委托人可以就委托事务直接指示转委托的第三人，受托人仅就第三人的选任及其对第三人的指示承担责任。转委托未经同意或者追认的，受托人应当对转委托的第三人的行为承担责任；但是，在紧急情况下受托人为了维护委托人的利益需要转委托第三人的除外。
Article 924 An agent shall, upon request of the principal, report on the situation of the entrusted matter. Upon termination of the entrustment contract, an agent shall report on the result of the entrusted matter.
第九百二十四条 受托人应当按照委托人的要求，报告委托事务的处理情况。委托合同终止时，受托人应当报告委托事务的结果。
Article 925 Where an agent, acting within the scope of authority granted by the principal, concludes a contract with a third person in his own name, if the third person is aware of the agency relationship between the agent and the principal, the said contract shall directly bind the principal and the third person, unless there is definite evidence establishing that the said contract binds only the agent and the third person.
第九百二十五条 受托人以自己的名义，在委托人的授权范围内与第三人订立的合同，第三人在订立合同时知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系的，该合同直接约束委托人和第三人；但是，有确切证据证明该合同只约束受托人和第三人的除外。
Article 926 Where a contract is concluded by an agent in his own name with a third person who is not aware of the agency relationship between the agent and the principal, if the agent fails to perform his obligations owed to the principal because of the third person, the agent shall disclose the third person to the principal, and the principal may then exercise the right of the agent against the third person, unless the third person would not have concluded the contract if he has been aware of the existence of the principal at the time of concluding the contract.
第九百二十六条 受托人以自己的名义与第三人订立合同时，第三人不知道受托人与委托人之间的代理关系的，受托人因第三人的原因对委托人不履行义务，受托人应当向委托人披露第三人，委托人因此可以行使受托人对第三人的权利。但是，第三人与受托人订立合同时如果知道该委托人就不会订立合同的除外。
Where an agent fails to perform his obligations owed to a third person because of the principal, the agent shall disclose the principal to the third person, and the third person may then claim his rights against either the agent or the principal as a counterparty, except that he may not change the counterparty once he has made the selection.
受托人因委托人的原因对第三人不履行义务，受托人应当向第三人披露委托人，第三人因此可以选择受托人或者委托人作为相对人主张其权利，但是第三人不得变更选定的相对人。
Where a principal exercises the right of the agent against the third person, the third person may claim the defense he has against the agent against the principal. Where the third person elects the principal as the counterparty, the principal may claim against the third person the defense he has against the agent, as well as the agent's defense against the third person.
委托人行使受托人对第三人的权利的，第三人可以向委托人主张其对受托人的抗辩。第三人选定委托人作为其相对人的，委托人可以向第三人主张其对受托人的抗辩以及受托人对第三人的抗辩。
Article 927 An agent shall hand over to the principal any property acquired in handling the entrusted matter.
第九百二十七条 受托人处理委托事务取得的财产，应当转交给委托人。
Article 928 When an agent has accomplished the entrusted matter, the principal shall pay remuneration to the agent in accordance with the agreement.
第九百二十八条 受托人完成委托事务的，委托人应当按照约定向其支付报酬。
Where an entrustment contract is rescinded or the entrusted matter cannot be accomplished due to a cause not attributable to the agent, the principal shall pay corresponding remuneration to the agent, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
因不可归责于受托人的事由，委托合同解除或者委托事务不能完成的，委托人应当向受托人支付相应的报酬。当事人另有约定的，按照其约定。
Article 929 Under a non-gratuitous entrustment contract, where losses are caused to the principal due to the agent’s fault, the principal may request compensation. Under a gratuitous entrustment contract, where losses are caused to the principal by the agent’s intentional act or by his gross negligence, the principal may request for compensation.
第九百二十九条 有偿的委托合同，因受托人的过错造成委托人损失的，委托人可以请求赔偿损失。无偿的委托合同，因受托人的故意或者重大过失造成委托人损失的，委托人可以请求赔偿损失。
Where an agent acts beyond authorization thus causing losses to the principal, the agent shall make compensation.
受托人超越权限造成委托人损失的，应当赔偿损失。
Article 930 Where an agent suffers a loss in handling the entrusted matter due to a cause not attributable to himself, he may request compensation from the principal.
第九百三十条 受托人处理委托事务时，因不可归责于自己的事由受到损失的，可以向委托人请求赔偿损失。
Article 931 A principal may, with consent of the agent, authorize a third person other than the agent to handle the entrusted matter. If a loss is thus caused to the agent, the agent may request compensation from the principal.
第九百三十一条 委托人经受托人同意，可以在受托人之外委托第三人处理委托事务。因此造成受托人损失的，受托人可以向委托人请求赔偿损失。
Article 932 Where two or more agents jointly handle an entrusted matter, they shall bear joint and several liabilities to the principal.
第九百三十二条 两个以上的受托人共同处理委托事务的，对委托人承担连带责任。
Article 933 A principal or an agent may rescind the entrustment contract at any time. Where rescission of the contract by a party causes losses to the other party, the party rescinding a gratuitous entrustment contract shall compensate for the direct loss caused by the rescission at an improper time, and the party rescinding a non-gratuitous entrustment contract shall compensate for the direct loss and the expected profit obtainable if the contract has been performed, unless the loss is caused by a reason not attributable to the rescinding party.
第九百三十三条 委托人或者受托人可以随时解除委托合同。因解除合同造成对方损失的，除不可归责于该当事人的事由外，无偿委托合同的解除方应当赔偿因解除时间不当造成的直接损失，有偿委托合同的解除方应当赔偿对方的直接损失和合同履行后可以获得的利益。
Article 934 An entrustment contract shall terminate where the principal dies or is terminated, or if the agent dies, loses capacity for performing civi juristic acts, or is terminated, unless otherwise agreed by the parties or it is inappropriate to terminate the contract based on the nature of the entrusted matter.
第九百三十四条 委托人死亡、终止或者受托人死亡、丧失民事行为能力、终止的，委托合同终止；但是，当事人另有约定或者根据委托事务的性质不宜终止的除外。
Article 935 Where the termination of an entrustment contract which is resulted from the death, declared bankruptcy, or declared dissolution of the principal will harm the interests of the principal, the agent shall continue to handle the entrusted matter untill the heir, administrator of estate, or the liquidator of the principal takes it over.
第九百三十五条 因委托人死亡或者被宣告破产、解散，致使委托合同终止将损害委托人利益的，在委托人的继承人、遗产管理人或者清算人承受委托事务之前，受托人应当继续处理委托事务。
Article 936 Where an entrustment contract is terminated owing to the death, loss of capacity for performing civil juristic acts, declared bankruptcy or dissolution of the agent, the heir, administrator of estate, legal representative, or liquidator of the agent shall promptly notify the principal. Where the termination of the entrustment contract will harm the interests of the principal, the heir, administrator of estate, legal representative, or liquidator of the agent shall take necessary measures before the principal takes remedial measures.
第九百三十六条 因受托人死亡、丧失民事行为能力或者被宣告破产、解散，致使委托合同终止的，受托人的继承人、遗产管理人、法定代理人或者清算人应当及时通知委托人。因委托合同终止将损害委托人利益的，在委托人作出善后处理之前，受托人的继承人、遗产管理人、法定代理人或者清算人应当采取必要措施。
Chapter XXIV Contracts for Property Management Service
第二十四章 物业服务合同
Article 937 A contract for property management service is a contract under which a property management service provider provides to the property owners with property management services within the service area, such as repair and maintenance of buildings and the auxiliary facilities thereof, the management and maintenance of the environmental hygiene, keeping the order, and like, and the property owners pay property management fees in return.
第九百三十七条 物业服务合同是物业服务人在物业服务区域内，为业主提供建筑物及其附属设施的维修养护、环境卫生和相关秩序的管理维护等物业服务，业主支付物业费的合同。
Property management service providers include property management service enterprises and other managers.
物业服务人包括物业服务企业和其他管理人。
Article 938 A property management service contract generally contains clauses specifying the contents of the services, the service quality, the rates and the collection methods of the service fee, the use of the maintenance funds, the management and use of the service premises, the term of service, the service handover, and the like.
第九百三十八条 物业服务合同的内容一般包括服务事项、服务质量、服务费用的标准和收取办法、维修资金的使用、服务用房的管理和使用、服务期限、服务交接等条款。
A commitment of service made publicly by a property management service provider in favor of the property owners shall be a component part of the property management service contract.
物业服务人公开作出的有利于业主的服务承诺，为物业服务合同的组成部分。
A property management service contract shall be in writing.
物业服务合同应当采用书面形式。
Article 939 A preliminary property management service contract concluded between a developer and a property management service provider in accordance with law, or a property management service contract concluded by an owners’ committee and a property management service provider selected and hired in the owners’ assembly in accordance with law are legally binding on the owners.
第九百三十九条 建设单位依法与物业服务人订立的前期物业服务合同，以及业主委员会与业主大会依法选聘的物业服务人订立的物业服务合同，对业主具有法律约束力。
Article 940 Where, prior to expiration of the service term as agreed in a preliminary contract for property management service concluded between a developer and a property management service provider in accordance with law, a contract for property management service concluded by the owners’ committee or the owners and a new property management service provider becomes effective, and the preliminary contract for property management service shall be terminated.
第九百四十条 建设单位依法与物业服务人订立的前期物业服务合同约定的服务期限届满前，业主委员会或者业主与新物业服务人订立的物业服务合同生效的，前期物业服务合同终止。
Article 941 Where a property management service provider authorizes a specialized service entity or any other third person to handle some specialized services in the property management service area, the property management service provider shall be responsible to the owners in terms of the specialized services.
第九百四十一条 物业服务人将物业服务区域内的部分专项服务事项委托给专业性服务组织或者其他第三人的，应当就该部分专项服务事项向业主负责。
A property management service provider shall not delegate to a third person all the property management services it is obligated to provide, or divide the property management services and delegate each to a third person.
物业服务人不得将其应当提供的全部物业服务转委托给第三人，或者将全部物业服务支解后分别转委托给第三人。
Article 942 A property management service provider shall, in accordance with the contract and the nature of the use of the property, properly repair, maintain, clean, grow plant, and manage the common space of the property management service area co-owned by the owners, maintain the basic order in the property management service area, and take reasonable measures to protect the owners’ personal and property safety.
第九百四十二条 物业服务人应当按照约定和物业的使用性质，妥善维修、养护、清洁、绿化和经营管理物业服务区域内的业主共有部分，维护物业服务区域内的基本秩序，采取合理措施保护业主的人身、财产安全。
For any violation of the relevant laws and regulations on public security, environmental protection, fire protection, and the like, in the property management service area, the property management service provider shall, in a timely manner, take reasonable measures to stop the violation, make a report to the competent departments, and render assistance in its handling.
对物业服务区域内违反有关治安、环保、消防等法律法规的行为，物业服务人应当及时采取合理措施制止、向有关行政主管部门报告并协助处理。
Article 943 A property management service provider shall, in a reasonable manner, regularly disclose to the owners and report to the owners’ assembly and the owners' committee on its services, the responsible personnel, the quality requirements, the items that a fee is charged, the rate of the fee, the performance of obligations, use of the maintenance funds, and the management and income generated from using the common space co-owned by the owners, and the like.
第九百四十三条 物业服务人应当定期将服务的事项、负责人员、质量要求、收费项目、收费标准、履行情况，以及维修资金使用情况、业主共有部分的经营与收益情况等以合理方式向业主公开并向业主大会、业主委员会报告。
Article 944 An owner shall pay property management fees to the property management service provider in accordance with the agreement. Where a property management service provider has provided services in accordance with the agreement and the relevant regulations, an owner shall not refuse to pay the property management fees on the ground that he has not accepted or need not accept the relevant property management service.
第九百四十四条 业主应当按照约定向物业服务人支付物业费。物业服务人已经按照约定和有关规定提供服务的，业主不得以未接受或者无需接受相关物业服务为由拒绝支付物业费。
Where an owner fails to pay the property management fees within the agreed period in breach of the agreement, the property management service provider may demand his payment within a reasonable period of time; if the owner still fails to make payment within the said period, the property management service provider may initiate a legal action or apply for arbitration.
业主违反约定逾期不支付物业费的，物业服务人可以催告其在合理期限内支付；合理期限届满仍不支付的，物业服务人可以提起诉讼或者申请仲裁。
The property management service provider may not collect the property management fees by such means as shutting off power, water, heat, or gas.
物业服务人不得采取停止供电、供水、供热、供燃气等方式催交物业费。
Article 945 Where an owner decorates or remodels the unit he owns in a building, he shall notify the property management service provider in advance, follow the reasonable rules provided by the property management service provider, and cooperate with the property management service provider in necessary onsite inspection.
第九百四十五条 业主装饰装修房屋的，应当事先告知物业服务人，遵守物业服务人提示的合理注意事项，并配合其进行必要的现场检查。
If an owner transfers or leases the unit exclusively owned by him within a building, creates a right of habitation therein, or changes the use of the common space in accordance with law, he shall timely inform the property management service provider of the relevant situation.
业主转让、出租物业专有部分、设立居住权或者依法改变共有部分用途的，应当及时将相关情况告知物业服务人。
Article 946 Where the owners jointly decide to dismiss the property management service provider in accordance with the statutory procedure, the contract for property management service may be rescinded. In such a case, the property management service provider shall be notified in writing 60 days in advance, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第九百四十六条 业主依照法定程序共同决定解聘物业服务人的，可以解除物业服务合同。决定解聘的，应当提前六十日书面通知物业服务人，但是合同对通知期限另有约定的除外。
If ressission of the contract in accordance with the preceding paragraph causes loss to the property management service provider, the owners shall compensate for the loss, unless the loss is incurred by a cause not attributable to the owners.
依据前款规定解除合同造成物业服务人损失的，除不可归责于业主的事由外，业主应当赔偿损失。
Article 947 Where the owners jointly decide to continue employing a property management service provider before expiration of the service term, they shall renew the contract with the original property management service provider before expiration of the term of the contract.
第九百四十七条 物业服务期限届满前，业主依法共同决定续聘的，应当与原物业服务人在合同期限届满前续订物业服务合同。
Before expiration of the service term, where a property management service provider does not consent to continued employment, it shall notify the owners or the owners' committee in writing 90 days before expiration of the term of the contract, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
物业服务期限届满前，物业服务人不同意续聘的，应当在合同期限届满前九十日书面通知业主或者业主委员会，但是合同对通知期限另有约定的除外。
Article 948 Where, upon expiration of the property management service term, the owners fail to make a decision in accordance with law to continue employing the original service provider or to employ another service provider, if the property management service provider continues to provide property management services, the original contract for property management service shall continue to be valid, except that it becomes one with an indefinite term.
第九百四十八条 物业服务期限届满后，业主没有依法作出续聘或者另聘物业服务人的决定，物业服务人继续提供物业服务的，原物业服务合同继续有效，但是服务期限为不定期。
Either party may rescind such a contract for property management service at any time, provided that the other party shall be notified in writing 60 days in advance.
当事人可以随时解除不定期物业服务合同，但是应当提前六十日书面通知对方。
Article 949 Upon termination of a contract for property management service, the original property management service provider shall vacate the property management service area within the agreed time or a reasonable period of time, surrender the property service premises, the related facilities, and the relevant materials necessary for property management service, and the like, to the owners' committee, the owners who decide to exercise management themselves, or the person designated by them, cooperate with the new property management service provider in effectively conducting handover work, and truthfully disclose the information regarding the use and management of the property.
第九百四十九条 物业服务合同终止的，原物业服务人应当在约定期限或者合理期限内退出物业服务区域，将物业服务用房、相关设施、物业服务所必需的相关资料等交还给业主委员会、决定自行管理的业主或者其指定的人，配合新物业服务人做好交接工作，并如实告知物业的使用和管理状况。
The original property management service provider who violates the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall not request the owners to pay the property management fee after the termination of the contract for property management service, and shall bear the liability for compensation if loss is caused to the owners.
原物业服务人违反前款规定的，不得请求业主支付物业服务合同终止后的物业费；造成业主损失的，应当赔偿损失。
Article 950 After a contract for property management service is terminated and before the handover to the new property management service provider selected by the owners or the owners' assembly or to the owners who decide to exercise management by themselves, the original property management service provider shall continue to provide property management services, and may request the owners to pay the property management fee during this period.
第九百五十条 物业服务合同终止后，在业主或者业主大会选聘的新物业服务人或者决定自行管理的业主接管之前，原物业服务人应当继续处理物业服务事项，并可以请求业主支付该期间的物业费。
Chapter XXV Brokerage Contracts
第二十五章 行纪合同
Article 951 A brokerage contract is a contract under which a broker in his own name engages in trade activities for a client who pays remuneration in return.
第九百五十一条 行纪合同是行纪人以自己的名义为委托人从事贸易活动，委托人支付报酬的合同。
Article 952 The expenses incurred by a broker in handling the entrusted matters shall be borne by the broker, unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第九百五十二条 行纪人处理委托事务支出的费用，由行纪人负担，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 953 Where a broker possesses the commissioned article, the broker shall properly keep it.
第九百五十三条 行纪人占有委托物的，应当妥善保管委托物。
Article 954 If the commissioned article has a defect at the time when they are delivered to a broker, or if it is perishable, the broker may dispose of the article upon his client’s consent; if the broker is unable to make prompt contact with the client, the broker may dispose of the article in a proper manner.
第九百五十四条 委托物交付给行纪人时有瑕疵或者容易腐烂、变质的，经委托人同意，行纪人可以处分该物；不能与委托人及时取得联系的，行纪人可以合理处分。
Article 955 Where a broker sells an article at a price lower than the price set by the client, or buys an article at a price higher than the price set by the client, the broker shall obtain the consent of the client; where such a deal is made without the consent of the client and the broker makes up for the price difference, the said deal is binding on the client.
第九百五十五条 行纪人低于委托人指定的价格卖出或者高于委托人指定的价格买入的，应当经委托人同意；未经委托人同意，行纪人补偿其差额的，该买卖对委托人发生效力。
Where a broker sells an article at a price higher than the price set by the client or buys an article at a price lower than the price set by the client, remuneration may be increased in accordance with the agreement. Where there is no such an agreement or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the benefit shall belong to the client.
行纪人高于委托人指定的价格卖出或者低于委托人指定的价格买入的，可以按照约定增加报酬；没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，该利益属于委托人。
Where a client has given a special instruction on the price of an article, the broker may not sell or buy it contrary to the said instruction.
委托人对价格有特别指示的，行纪人不得违背该指示卖出或者买入。
Article 956 Where a broker buys or sells a commodity with a market price, unless otherwise indicated by the client, the broker himself may serve as a buyer or a seller.
第九百五十六条 行纪人卖出或者买入具有市场定价的商品，除委托人有相反的意思表示外，行纪人自己可以作为买受人或者出卖人。
Despite the situation provided in the preceding paragraph, the broker may still request the client to pay remuneration.
行纪人有前款规定情形的，仍然可以请求委托人支付报酬。
Article 957 Where a broker buys a commissioned article in accordance with the contract, the client shall accept the article in a timely manner. Where, after being demanded by the broker, the client refuses to accept the article without just cause, the broker may have the commissioned article placed in escrow in accordance with law.
第九百五十七条 行纪人按照约定买入委托物，委托人应当及时受领。经行纪人催告，委托人无正当理由拒绝受领的，行纪人依法可以提存委托物。
Where a commissioned article cannot be sold or the client withdraws from the commissioned sale, if the client, after being demanded by the broker, fails to take back or dispose of the said article, the broker may have the commissioned article placed in escrow in accordance with law.
委托物不能卖出或者委托人撤回出卖，经行纪人催告，委托人不取回或者不处分该物的，行纪人依法可以提存委托物。
Article 958 A broker who concludes a contract with a third person shall directly enjoy the rights and assume the obligations under the said contract.
第九百五十八条 行纪人与第三人订立合同的，行纪人对该合同直接享有权利、承担义务。
Where a third person fails to fulfill the contractual obligation thus causing losses to the client, the broker shall bear the liability for compensation, unless otherwise agreed by the broker and the client.
第三人不履行义务致使委托人受到损害的，行纪人应当承担赔偿责任，但是行纪人与委托人另有约定的除外。
Article 959 Where a broker has accomplished the entrusted matter in full or in part, the client shall pay remuneration accordingly. Where a client fails to pay remuneration as scheduled, the broker has the right to retain the commissioned article under a lien unless otherwise agreed by the parties.
第九百五十九条 行纪人完成或者部分完成委托事务的，委托人应当向其支付相应的报酬。委托人逾期不支付报酬的，行纪人对委托物享有留置权，但是当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 960 For matters not provided in this Chapter, the relevant provisions on entrustment contracts shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第九百六十条 本章没有规定的，参照适用委托合同的有关规定。
Chapter XXVI Intermediary Contracts
第二十六章 中介合同
Article 961 An intermediary contract is a contract under which a middleman reports to the client the opportunity for concluding a contract or provides intermediary services for the conclusion of a contract, for which the client pays remuneration.
第九百六十一条 中介合同是中介人向委托人报告订立合同的机会或者提供订立合同的媒介服务，委托人支付报酬的合同。
Article 962 The middleman shall truthfully report to the client matters related to the conclusion of the contract.
第九百六十二条 中介人应当就有关订立合同的事项向委托人如实报告。
Where a middleman intentionally conceals important facts in relation to the conclusion of the contract or provides untrue information thereof, thus harming the interests of the client, he may not request for remuneration and shall bear the liability for compensation.
中介人故意隐瞒与订立合同有关的重要事实或者提供虚假情况，损害委托人利益的，不得请求支付报酬并应当承担赔偿责任。
Article 963 Where a middleman contributes to the conclusion of a contract, the client shall pay remuneration in accordance with the agreement. Where there is no agreement between the parties on the remuneration for the middleman or the agreement is unclear, if it cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the remuneration shall be reasonably determined in accordance with the middleman's services. Where the intermediary services provided by the middleman facilitates the conclusion of a contract, the parties to the said contract shall equally share the disbursement of the remuneration to the middleman.
第九百六十三条 中介人促成合同成立的，委托人应当按照约定支付报酬。对中介人的报酬没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，根据中介人的劳务合理确定。因中介人提供订立合同的媒介服务而促成合同成立的，由该合同的当事人平均负担中介人的报酬。
In facilitating the conclusion of a contract, the expenses incurred in the intermediary activities shall be borne by the middleman.
中介人促成合同成立的，中介活动的费用，由中介人负担。
Article 964 Where a middleman fails to facilitate the conclusion of a contract, he may not request the payment of remuneration, but may request the client to pay for the necessary expenses incurred in the intermediary activities in accordance with the agreement.
第九百六十四条 中介人未促成合同成立的，不得请求支付报酬；但是，可以按照约定请求委托人支付从事中介活动支出的必要费用。
Article 965 Where a client, after accepting the services of the middleman, uses the trading opportunity or intermediary services provided by the middleman to bypass the middleman and directly concludes a contract with another person, the client shall pay remuneration to the middleman.
第九百六十五条 委托人在接受中介人的服务后，利用中介人提供的交易机会或者媒介服务，绕开中介人直接订立合同的，应当向中介人支付报酬。
Article 966 For matters not provided in this Chapter, the relevant provisions on entrustment contracts shall be applied mutatis mutandis.
第九百六十六条 本章没有规定的，参照适用委托合同的有关规定。
Chapter XXVII Partnership Contracts
第二十七章 合伙合同
Article 967 A partnership contract is an agreement between two or more partners to share benefits and assume risks for a joint enterprise.
第九百六十七条 合伙合同是两个以上合伙人为了共同的事业目的，订立的共享利益、共担风险的协议。
Article 968 A partner shall fulfill his obligation to contribute capital in accordance with the method, amount, and time limit for payment in accordance with the agreement.
第九百六十八条 合伙人应当按照约定的出资方式、数额和缴付期限，履行出资义务。
Article 969 The capital contributions made by the partners and the proceeds therof and other property acquired in accordance with law in the course of the partnership business are partnership property.
第九百六十九条 合伙人的出资、因合伙事务依法取得的收益和其他财产，属于合伙财产。
A partner may not request partition of the partnership property prior to the termination of the partnership contract.
合伙合同终止前，合伙人不得请求分割合伙财产。
Article 970 A partner who makes a decision on the partnership businesses shall obtain unanimous consent of all the partners, unless otherwise agreed in the partnership contract.
第九百七十条 合伙人就合伙事务作出决定的，除合伙合同另有约定外，应当经全体合伙人一致同意。
The partnership businesses shall be jointly managed by all partners. One or more partners may be authorized to manage the partnership business in accordance with the partnership contract or the decision made by all partners; and the other partners shall cease to manage the partnership business, except that they have the right to supervise the management.
合伙事务由全体合伙人共同执行。按照合伙合同的约定或者全体合伙人的决定，可以委托一个或者数个合伙人执行合伙事务；其他合伙人不再执行合伙事务，但是有权监督执行情况。
Where the partners manage the partnership business separately, the managing partner may raise objections on the matters managed by the other partners, in which case, the other partners shall suspend the management of such matter.
合伙人分别执行合伙事务的，执行事务合伙人可以对其他合伙人执行的事务提出异议；提出异议后，其他合伙人应当暂停该项事务的执行。
Article 971 A partner may not request remuneration for management of the partnership business, unless otherwise agreed in the partnership contract.
第九百七十一条 合伙人不得因执行合伙事务而请求支付报酬，但是合伙合同另有约定的除外。
Article 972 The sharing of the profits and allocation of losses of a partnership shall be in accordance with the partnership contract; where there is no such an agreement in the partnership contract or the agreement is unclear, the partners shall make a decision through consultation. Where such consultation fails, the partners shall share the profits and assume the losses in proportion to their paid-in capital, or share the profits and assume the losses in equal share if the proportions of their paid-in capital cannot be determined.
第九百七十二条 合伙的利润分配和亏损分担，按照合伙合同的约定办理；合伙合同没有约定或者约定不明确的，由合伙人协商决定；协商不成的，由合伙人按照实缴出资比例分配、分担；无法确定出资比例的，由合伙人平均分配、分担。
Article 973 The partners shall bear joint and several liabilities for the partnership obligations. A partner who has performed the partnership obligations in excess of his share has the right to indemnification against the other partners.
第九百七十三条 合伙人对合伙债务承担连带责任。清偿合伙债务超过自己应当承担份额的合伙人，有权向其他合伙人追偿。
Article 974 Unless otherwise agreed in the partnership contract, a partner who transfers all or part of his share of property to a person other than a partner shall obtain unanimous consent of the other partners.
第九百七十四条 除合伙合同另有约定外，合伙人向合伙人以外的人转让其全部或者部分财产份额的，须经其他合伙人一致同意。
Article 975 A creditor of a partner shall not subrogate and exercise any right of the partner provided in this Chapter and the partnership contract, except that a creditor may subrogate and exercise the partner’s claim against the partnership for distribution of the benefits.
第九百七十五条 合伙人的债权人不得代位行使合伙人依照本章规定和合伙合同享有的权利，但是合伙人享有的利益分配请求权除外。
Article 976 Where there is no agreement between or among the partners on the term of the partnership, or the agreement is unclear, if the term cannot be determined according to the provisions of Article 510 of this Code, the partnership shall be deemed as a partnership with an indefinite term.
第九百七十六条 合伙人对合伙期限没有约定或者约定不明确，依据本法第五百一十条的规定仍不能确定的，视为不定期合伙。
If a partner continues to manage the partnership business upon expiration of the term of the partnership, and the other partners fail to raise any objection, the original partnership contract shall continue to be valid, but with an indefinite term.
合伙期限届满，合伙人继续执行合伙事务，其他合伙人没有提出异议的，原合伙合同继续有效，但是合伙期限为不定期。
A partner may dissolve a partnership contract with an indefinite term at any time, but the other partners shall be notified within a reasonable period of time in advance.
合伙人可以随时解除不定期合伙合同，但是应当在合理期限之前通知其他合伙人。
Article 977 Where a partner dies, loses capacity for performing civil juristic acts, or is terminated, the partnership contract is terminated, unless otherwise provided in the partnership contract, or it is inappropriate to terminate the contract due to the nature of the partnership affairs.
第九百七十七条 合伙人死亡、丧失民事行为能力或者终止的，合伙合同终止；但是，合伙合同另有约定或者根据合伙事务的性质不宜终止的除外。
Article 978 Upon termination of a partnership contract, after paying the expenses for termination and discharging the partnership debts, the residual assets of the partnership property, if any, shall be distributed in accordance with the provisions of Article 972 of this Code.
第九百七十八条 合伙合同终止后，合伙财产在支付因终止而产生的费用以及清偿合伙债务后有剩余的，依据本法第九百七十二条的规定进行分配。
Part Three Quasi-contracts
第三分编 准 合 同
Chapter XXVIII Negotiorum Gestio
第二十八章 无因管理
Article 979 Where a person who has neither a statutory nor a contractual obligation acts as a custodian to manage another person’s affair in order to prevent the latter from suffering a loss of interests, the said person may request the beneficiary to reimbure the necessary expenses incurred therefrom. Where such a custodian suffers losses when managing another person’s affairs, the custodian may request the beneficiary to make appropriate compensation.
第九百七十九条 管理人没有法定的或者约定的义务，为避免他人利益受损失而管理他人事务的，可以请求受益人偿还因管理事务而支出的必要费用；管理人因管理事务受到损失的，可以请求受益人给予适当补偿。
Where the management of another person’s affairs is contrary to the true will of the beneficiary, the custodian does not have the right provibed in the preceding paragraph, unless the true will of the beneficiary is in violation of law or against the public order or good morals.
管理事务不符合受益人真实意思的，管理人不享有前款规定的权利；但是，受益人的真实意思违反法律或者违背公序良俗的除外。
Article 980 Where the management by a custodian of another person’s affairs does not fall within the circumstances provided in the preceding Article, but the beneficiary has enjoyed the benefit of the management, the beneficiary shall be subject to the obligations provided in the first paragraph of the preceding Article to the custodian to the extent of the benefit he gains therfrom.
第九百八十条 管理人管理事务不属于前条规定的情形，但是受益人享有管理利益的，受益人应当在其获得的利益范围内向管理人承担前条第一款规定的义务。
Article 981 A custodian shall manage another person’s affairs in the best interest of the beneficiary. Where suspension of management is to put the beneficiary at a disadvantage position, the management may not be suspended without just cause.
第九百八十一条 管理人管理他人事务，应当采取有利于受益人的方法。中断管理对受益人不利的，无正当理由不得中断。
Article 982 Where a custodian manages another person’s affairs, he shall promptly notify the beneficiary if he is able to do so. Where the matter does not need urgent management, the custodian shall wait for the beneficiary’s instruction.
第九百八十二条 管理人管理他人事务，能够通知受益人的，应当及时通知受益人。管理的事务不需要紧急处理的，应当等待受益人的指示。
Article 983 Upon termination of the management, a custodian shall report the management of the affairs to the beneficiary. The property obtained by the custodian in the management of the affairs shall be surrendered to the beneficiary in a timely manner.
第九百八十三条 管理结束后，管理人应当向受益人报告管理事务的情况。管理人管理事务取得的财产，应当及时转交给受益人。
Article 984 Where the management of another person’s affairs by a custodian is subsequently ratified by the beneficiary, the provisions on entrustment contracts shall be applied to the management from the commencement of the management, unless the custodian expresses his intention otherwise.
第九百八十四条 管理人管理事务经受益人事后追认的，从管理事务开始时起，适用委托合同的有关规定，但是管理人另有意思表示的除外。
Chapter XXIX Unjust Enrichment
第二十九章 不当得利
Article 985 Where a person is unjustly enriched without a legal basis, the person who thus suffers a loss is entitled to request the enriched person to return the benefit, unless under any of the following circumstances:
第九百八十五条 得利人没有法律根据取得不当利益的，受损失的人可以请求得利人返还取得的利益，但是有下列情形之一的除外：
(1) the payment is made for performing a moral obligation;
（一）为履行道德义务进行的给付；
(2) the payment is made to satisfy an obligation not yet due; or
（二）债务到期之前的清偿；
(3) the payment is made to an obligation knowing that there is no obligation to pay.
（三）明知无给付义务而进行的债务清偿。
Article 986 Where a person enriched does not know or should not have known that the enrichment is without a legal basis, and if the enrichment no longer exists, the person has no obligation to return the benefit thus received.
第九百八十六条 得利人不知道且不应当知道取得的利益没有法律根据，取得的利益已经不存在的，不承担返还该利益的义务。
Article 987 Where a person enriched knows or should have known that the enrichment is without a legal basis, the aggrieved person may request the enriched person to return the benefit thus received and make compensation for the losses in accordance with law.
第九百八十七条 得利人知道或者应当知道取得的利益没有法律根据的，受损失的人可以请求得利人返还其取得的利益并依法赔偿损失。
Article 988 Where a person enriched has gratuitously transfered the benefit received to a third person, the aggrieved person may request the third person to assume the obligation to return the benefit to the corresponding extent.
第九百八十八条 得利人已经将取得的利益无偿转让给第三人的，受损失的人可以请求第三人在相应范围内承担返还义务。